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LEFT CINNA 505 CIPHEB WRITINO negatives a second film is exposed be- neath it and is in turn developed. The instrument itself is a projecting lantern which throws the pictures upon the screen in rapid succession. The speed with which the pictures are shown is usually at the rate of sixteen per second. Of course, the picture is not strictly con- tinuous, but the interval is so slight between the showing of one picture and the next that the eye fails to notice it, and the effect produced is that of con- tinuity. The movement of the successive pictures is usually operated by hand, but in some cases a small electric motor is at- tached which operates automatically. The former method is preferable when skill- fully done, because there may be cases when the effect of the picture is increased by dwelling a trifle longer on one part than on the other. The film commonly used in exhibitions ranges from 200 to 350 yards. This, at the ordinary rate of speed used, requires from 10 to 16 minutes for presentation on the screen. Of course, any number of reels can be used, depending upon the importance or interest of the picture exhibited. Great care must be taken by the operator against fire, owing to the sensitive nature of the materials used and the concen- trated light employed for projecting the picture on the screen. Several automatic inventions have been made that reduce the danger to a minimum. See Moving Pictures. CINNA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS, a Roman patrician, associate of Marius, and leader of the popular party during the absence of Sulla in the E. In 86 B. C. he was elected consul along with Cn. Octavius, and in violation of his oath to Sulla he attempted to overpower the senate, and to procure the recall of Marius and his party from banishment. In the contest which ensued he was de- feated by his colleague and driven from the city. His office thus became vacant, and the senate appointed another consul in his stead. He soon returned, how- ever, along with Marius, and laid siege to Rome. The senate were forced to capitulate; but while the votes of the people were being taken for the repeal of the sentence against Marius, he broke into the city, massacred the friends of Sulla, and allowed his partisans to com- mit frightful excesses. He was consul for the next three years; but Sulla, hav- ing brought the Mithridatic war to a close, resolved (84 B. C.) to return to Italy to inflict condign punishment on his enemies. Cinna prepared to resist him by force of arms, but was slain by a mutiny among his own troops. His daughter Cornelia married Ju^^vs Caesar. CINNAMON, an aromatic substance consisting of the bark of a tree or trees. The Phoenicians, the Arabs, or both, im- ported the genuine cinnamon into Pales- tine remotely from Ceylon or the East- ern Archipelago, but probably from some mercantile port much nearer at hand. It was one of the ingredients in the holy anointing oil, which Moses was com- manded to make for the anointing of the tabernacle and its furniture (Exod. xxx: 22-29). CINQ-MARS, HENRI COIFFIER DE RUZE (sank-mars), MARQUIS DE, a French courtier; born in 1620. At the age of 18 he was presented at court by Cardinal de Richelieu, and soon obtained the favor of Louis XIII., to whom he be- came Master of the Horse. Chafing at the restraint under which Richelieu held him, and ambitious of political power, he framed a conspiracy to overthrow the cardinal, of which the King himself, and his brother Gaston, Duke d'Orleans, were members. But Louis was weak and fickle, Gaston perfidious, and Richelieu not the man to be put down by a youth just turned of 20. Cinq-Mars was de- livered up to the cardinal, and beheaded at Lyons, along with his friend, the councillor De Thou, Sept. 12, 1642. Cinq- Mars is the hero of a historical novel by Alfred de Vigny and of an opera by Gounod. CINQUE FOIL, the name of a species of the genus Potentilla, which have fin- gered leaves. In architecture, it is an ornamental foliation or feathering, used in the arches of the lights and tracery of windows, panelling, etc. CINQUE PORTS (Five Ports), the sea-port towns of Dover, Sandwich. Hastings, Hythe, and Romney, England; to which three others were afterward added, viz., Winchelsea and Rye. These towns are incorporated, with peculiar privileges; most of which, however, have been gradually abolished. A Lord Warden, most of whose special privileges have also been abolished, is still ap- pointed and has his residence at Walmer Castle near Deal. CIPHER WRITING, a method of sending important intelligence in a man- ner so effectually disguised that only those for whom the news is intended can understand the meaning of what is writ- ten. Till comparatively recent years diplomats, statesmen, and military or naval commanders were the principal persons compelled by circumstances to keep their affairs or their intended move- ments shrouded in secrecy. So long as there was no regular postal service im-