Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 02.djvu/569

LEFT CHROMITE 495 CHRYSOSTOM properties of the colors of light and of natural bodies. CHROMITE, a metal used extensively as an alloy to harden steel. It was ex- tensively employed during the war in the manufacture of munitions. The pro- duction of chromite in 1919 in the United States was 3,900 long tons, valued at $87,000. There were imported 61,404 tons, valued at $1,381,497. The appar- ent consumption was 65,304 long tons. The chief sources of supply are the United States, Canada, British South Africa, New Caledonia, and India. CHROMIUM (or CHROME) STEEL, steel in which the carbon is replaced by the metal chromium. This steel can sus- tain a greater degree of heat than ordi- nary steel, and consequently will not so easily become oxidized or "burnt" in working and is rolled more easily. CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY, the art of printing chromo-lithographs. See Lithography. CHROMOSPHERE, the gaseous en- velope of the sun, through which the light of the photosphere passes. Stellar chromosphere is the gaseous envelope supposed to exist round each star. CHRONICLE, a historical account of facts or events disposed chronologically or in the order of time. Most of the his- torians of the Middle Ages were chron- iclers who set down the events which happened within the range of their in- formation, according to the succession of years. In Scriptures, the name of two books, consisting of an abridgment of sacred history from its commencement down to the return of the Jews from the Baby- lonish captivity, and called by the Sep- tuagint TrapaXeLirSfieva (lit., things omit- ted), because they contain many supple- mental relations omitted in the other historical books. CHRONOLOGY, the doctrine of science of time, or of computing dates: the method of ascertaining the true periods, or years, when past events took place, and arranging them in their proper order, according to their dates. CHRONOMETER any instrument that measures time, as a clock, watch, or dial; but, specifically, this term is applied to those time-keepers which are used for determining: the longitude at sea, or for any other purpose where an accurate measure of time is required, with great portability in the instrument. The chronometer differs from the ordinary watch in the principle of its escapement, which is so constructed that the balance is free from the wheels during the greater part of its vibration, and also in being fitted with a "compensation ad- justment," calculated to prevent the ex- pansion and contraction of the metal by the action of heat and cold from affect- ing its movements. Marine chronometers generally beat half -seconds, and are hung in gimbals in boxes 6 or 8 inches square. The pocket chronometer does not differ in appearance from a watch except that it is somewhat larger. CHRYSANTHEMUM, a genus of herbaceous or slightly shrubby plants, be- longing to the corymbif erous group of the order Compositas. The family is rep- resented in the United States by the well-known ox-eye daisy, Chrysantlie- mum leticanthemum, and the com mari- gold, C. Segetum, besides which many varieties have been introduced from other countries and are cultivated here. C. Sinense is the plant commonly known as the Chrysanthemum, and so much prized for its flowering in November and December. CHRYSOLITE, a green-colored or- thorhombic magnesium-iron silicate of a vitreous luster, transparent or trans- lucent. It is generally divided into two classes: Precious: Of a pale yellowish- green color and transparent, so as to be fit for jewelry. This is found in the Levant. Common: Dark yellowish-green to olive, or bottle-glass green; common in basalt and lavas, at times in large masses, having a rectangular outline. The chrysolithus of Pliny was probably our topaz, and his topaz our Chrysolite. It frequently changes color, becoming brownish or reddish-brown through the oxidation of the iron. CHRYSOSTOM, JOHN, ST. ("golden- mouthed"), a celebrated Greek father of the church; born in Antioch about A. D. 344. Secundus, his father, who had the command of the imperial troops in Syria, died soon after the birth of his son, whose early education devolved upon Anthusa, his mother. Chrysostom studied eloquence with Libanius, the most fa- mous orator of his time, and soon ex- celled his master. After having studied philosophy with Andragathius he de- voted himself to the Holy Scriptures, and determined upon quitting the world and consecrating his life to God in the deserts of Syria. He spent several years in soli- tary retirement, studying and meditating with a view to the church. Having com- pleted his voluntary probation he re- turned to Antioch in 381, when he was appointed deacon by the Bishop of An- tioch, and in 386 consecrated priest. He was chosen vicar by the same dig^nitary,