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LEFT CHABLES D'OBLEANS 432 CHABLES MABTEL ministerial council to oppose the British, who had landed at Walcheren, but meantime the breach between the em- peror and him grew wider. In 1810 he was elected crown prince and heir to the throne of Sweden. Almost the only condition imposed on him was that of joining the Protestant Church. He changed his name to Charles John; and the health of the Swedish king, Charles XIII., failing in the following year, the government came almost entirely into I his hands. He refused to comply with the demands of Napoleon, which were opposed to the interests of Sweden, par- ticularly as to trade with Great Britain, and was soon involved in war with him. He took part in the great and final struggle of the allies with Napoleon at Leipsic, but showed much reluctance to join in the invasion of France, and was tardy in his progress southward. There seems good reason to believe that the French throne was within his own ambition, and that his disinclination to act against his native country was due as much to policy as to patriotism. He became King of Sweden on the death of Charles XIII., in 1818, and won for himself the character of a wise and good king. Education, agriculture, man- ufactures, commerce, and great public works, as well as the military strength of the kingdom, were promoted by his care. He died March 8, 1844, and was succeeded by his son Oscar. CHABLES D'OBLEANS (sharl'dor- la-an'), a French nobleman and poet, son of Louis d'Orleans, born May 26, 1391. He was the grandson of Charles V. of France, and the father of Louis XII. He was taken prisoner at Agin- court, and kept in captivity in England from 1415 to 1440, when he was ran- somed. He wrote a number of lyrics while in prison and after his return to France. At Blois, where he held his court, he gathered together the chief French writers of his time, and took part with them in poetical tournaments, in one of which Francois Villon com- peted successfully. His light and grace- ful lyrics are the last flowering of the courtly poetry of the Middle Ages; they show no trace of the modern spirit which appears so strongly in the works of his contemporary, Villon. His favor- ite themes are love and the springtime; his favorite form is the rondel, with two rhymes, of which he is considered the chief master, as Villon is of the bal- lade and Voiture of the rondeau. He died in 1465. CHABLES EDWABD STUABT, called the Pretender, grandson of James II., King of England, son of James Edward and Clementina, daughter of Prince So- bieski, was born in Rome, Dec. 31, 1720. In 1742 he went to Paris and persuaded Louis XV. to assist him in an attempt to recover the throne of his ancestors. Fifteen thousand mqn were on the point of sailing from Dunkirk, when the Eng- lish admiral, Norris, dispersed the whole fleet. Charles now determined to trust to his own exertions. Accompa- nied by seven officers he landed on the W. coast of Scotland, from a small ship called the "Doutelle." Many Lowland nobles and Highland chiefs went over to his party. With a small army thus formed he marched forward, captured Perth, then Edinburgh, Sept. 17, 1745, defeated an army of 4,000 British under Sir John Cope at Prestonpans, Sept. 22, and advancing obtained possession of Carlisle. He now caused his father to be proclaimed king, and himself regent of England; removed his headquarters to Manchester, and soon found himself within 100 miles of London, where many of his friends awaited his ar- rival. The rapid successes of the adven- turer now caused a part of the British forces in Germany to be recalled. Want of support, disunion, and jealousy among the adherents of the house of Stuart, some errors, and the superior force op- posed to him, compelled Prince Charles to retire in the beginning of 1746. The victory at Falkirk, Jan. 28, 1746, was his last. As a final attempt he risked the battle of Culloden against the Duke of Cumberland, April 16, 1746, in which his army was defeated and entirely dis- persed. The prince now wandered about for a long time through the wilds of Scotland, often without food, and the price of £30,000 sterling was set upon his head. At length, on Sept. 20, 1746, five months after the defeat of Cullo- den, he escaped in a French frigate. He received a pension of 200,000 livres yearly from France, and of 12,000 doub- loons from Spain. Forced to leave France by the terms of the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), he went to Italy, and in 1772 married a princess of Stol- berg-Gedern, from whom eight years later he was separated. He died Jan. 31, 1788, and was buried at Frascati. The funeral service was performed by his only surviving brother, the Cardinal of York, with whose death in 1807 the Stuart line ended. CHABLES MABTEL, ruler of the Franks, was a son of Pepin Heristal. His father had governed as mayor of the palace under the weak Frankish kings with so much justice that he was enabled to make his office hereditary in