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LEFT chAlons-sxjr-mabne 413 CHAMBERLAIN Glasgow. His astronomical discourses able trade in Champagne wme, but its delivered there in the following winter manufacture of the worsted cloth known produced a sensation not only in the city as "shalloon" (Chaucer's chalons) is a but throughout the country, 20,000 copies thing of the past and the population selling in the first year of their pub- has dwindled from 60,000 m the I3th lication It was while pastor of this church that he developed his scheme for the reor- ganization of the parochial system with a view to more efficient work among the destitute and outcast classes, his influ century to about 30,000. Near Chalons, which takes its name from the Cata- launi of Latin writers, the Romans and Goths in 451 A. D. defeated Attila and his host of Huns. In 1856 Napoleon III. formed the celebrated camp of ence leading to a considerable extension Chalons, 16% miles to the N. E. of the of the means of popular instruction, both town. Hence, during the Franco-Prus- religious and secular. In 1819 he was sian war, on the night of Aug. 21, 1870, transferred from the Tron to St. John's, MacMahon withdrew his troops, and a church built and endowed expressly next day the town was occupied by the for him by the Town Council of Glas- Germans. The town was again in the gow, but his health having been tried by fighting area during the World War overwork he accepted, in 1823, the chair (g. v.). of moral philosophy at St. Andrews. In 1827 he was elected to the divinity chair in the University of Edinburgh, an ap- pointment which he continued to hold till the Disruption from the Scottish Church in 1843. In 1832 he published his "Political Economy," and shortly afterward his "Bridgewater Treatise on CHALONS-SUR-SAONE (-son), an- cient Cabillonum, a town in the French department of Saone-et-Loire, 84% miles N. of Lyons. Lying on the right bank of the Saone, at the point where that river is joined by the Canal du Centre, uniting it with the Loire, Chalons has an extensive traffic with the Adaptation of External Nature to V^aions "f ^-.«/^ ^^^^"^'^^^^ ^;"^^" 'V the Moral and Intellectual Constitution the central districts of France, as well of Man." During this period he was occupied with the subject of Church ex- tension on the voluntary principle, but it was in the great non-intrusion move- ment in the Scottish Church that his name became most prominent. Throughout the whole contest to the Disruption in 1843, he acted as the leader of the party that then separated from the Establishment, and may be re- garded as the founder of the Free as with the Mediterranean and Atlan- tic. Fine quays and houses line the river, and the chief building is the Church of St. Vincent, 14th to 15th cen- tury. The industries are copper and iron founding, machinery and shipbuild- ing, and the manufacture of glass, paper, hats, wine, chemicals, etc. It has a branch of the famous Creusot Engi- neering Works. Pop. about 32,000. CHAM-ffiROPS (kam-T'-rops), a genus Church of Scotland, of the first assem- of plants belonging to the order Pahna bly of which he was moderator. Hav- cese. The dwarf fan palm, so called ing vacated his professional chair in from its low growth. It is the most the Edinburgh University, he was ap- northerly of the palm genera, and con- pointed principal and primarius pro- sists of 10 or 12 species. C. humilis ex- fessor of divinity in the new college of the Free Church. In addition to his duties in these posts, he continued in Edinburgh his zealous labors for the elevation of the "home-heathen," giving a practical exemplification of his schemes by the establishment of a suc- cessful mission in the West Port. He died in Morningside, Edinbui'gh, May 31, 1847. CHALONS-SUR-MARNE (shal-6n' siir-marn), the capital of the French department of Marne, on the Marne river, 107 miles E. of Paris. An old place, with timber houses and many spired churches, it has an interesting cathedral, dating chiefly from the 13th century, a handsome hotel-de-ville (1772), and a fine public park, though the Germans cut down its immemorial elms for fuel. It still does a consider- 27 tends as far N. as Nice, and the leaves of it are used for making hats, brooms, and baskets, and for thatching pur- poses. C. fortuni, a native of China, furnishes a coarse brown fiber used for hats and a waterproof cloth called So-e. CHAMBERLAIN, an officer charged with the direction and management of the private apartments of a monarch or nobleman. The lord-chamberlain or lord-great-chamberlain of Great Britain is the sixth officer of the crown. His functions, always important, have va- ried in different reigns. Among them are the dressing and attending on the king at his coronation; the care of the palace of Westminster (Houses of Par- liament), and attending upon peers at their creation, etc. The office of lorA- chamberlain of the household is quite distinct from that of the great-cham- Vol. II— Cyc