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LEFT CESPEDES 408 CEYLON 1860, serving in the Civil War, and at- taining the rank of Brigadier-General. He was United States Consul at Cyprus (r865-1877), where he made extensive archaeological discoveries. In 1878 he became a trustee and director of the Met- ropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City. In 1897 he was awarded a Con- gressional medal of honor for conspicu- ous military service. He wrote "Cyprus," "Cypriolite Antiquities," and many simi- lar works. He died in 1904. CESPEDES Y BORGES, CARLOS MANUEL DE (thas-pa'-thas-e bor'gas), a noted Cuban insurgent, born in Baya- mo, April 18, 1919. He studied at the University of Havana, and later at Bar- celona, Spain. Implicated in Prim's con- spiracy, he was banished from Spain (1843), and returned to Cuba to practice law. As leader of the revolt of 1868, he was chosen by the insurgents President of the newly proclaimed republic. He was killed in a skirmish with the Span- iards, March 22, 1872. CETTE (set), an important seaport town of France, in the department of Herault, built on a neck of land between the lagoon of Thau and the Mediterra- nean, 23 miles S. W. of Montpellier. The space inclosed by the piers and break- water forming the harbor can accommo- date about 400 vessels; and the harbor is defended by forts. A broad, deep canal, lined with excellent quays, connects the port with the Lake of Thau, and so with the Canal du Midi and the Rhone, thus giving to Cette an extensive inland traf- fic; it has likewise an active foreign commerce. The principal trade is in wine, brandy, salt, dried fruits, fish, dye- stuffs, perfumery, and verdigris. Cette has shipbuilding yards, salt-works, glass- works, factories for the manufacture of syrups and grape-sugar, etc. It is a re- sort for sea-bathing, and has extensive fisheries. Colbert founded it in 1666. Pop. about 35,000. CETTINJE, or CETINJE, (chet-ten' ya), the capital of the former kingdom of Montenegro ; situated in a lofty moun- tain-valley, 19 miles E. of Cattaro, with which it is connected by a steep road. It contains a royal palace and a convent founded in 1478. Turkish invaders sacked and burnt the town in 1683, 1714, and 1785, but it was each time rebuilt. Many famous Montenegrin rulers lie buried here. It was occupied by the Aus- trians during the World War {a. v.) in January, 1916. Pop. about 5,000. CEUTA (tha'yu-ta), a fortified port belongmg to Spain, on the coast of Mo- rocco, opposite Gibraltar. The town oc- cupies the site of the Roman colony of Ad Septem Fratres, so called from the seven hills rising here in a group, of which the most prominent are Montes Almina and Hacho ; on the latter, the an- cient Abyla (one of the Pillars of Her- cules), is a strong fort, and on the for- mer, among beautiful gardens, lies the New Town. Ceuta contains a cathedral, a hospital, and convents, but is chiefly of importance as a military and convict sta- tion. The harbor is small, and exposed to the N., but has a lighthouse and some small trade. The mixed population num- ber about 25,000. The place was a flour- ishing mart under the Arabs, who cor- rupted its Roman name to Sebtah; there the first paper manufactory in the W. world is said to have been established by an Arab who had brought the industry from China. In 1415 it was captured by the Portuguese, and annexed to Portu- gal; it fell to Spain in 1580. CEVENNES (sev-en', ancient Ge- henna), the chief mountain range in the S. of France. With its continuations and offsets, it forms the watershed between the river systems of the Rhone and the Loire and Garonne. Its general direc- tion is from N. E. to S. W., beginning at the S. extremity of the Lyonnais moun- tains, and extending under different local names as far as the Canal du Midi, which divides it from the N. slopes of the Pyre- nees. The C^vennes extend for over 150 miles, through or into nine departments, the central mass lying in Lozere and Ar- deche, where Mount Lozere attains 5,584 feet, and Mount Mezenc (the culminat- ing point of the chain) 5,754 feet. The average height is from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. The mountains consist chiefly of primary rocks, covered with tertiary for- mations, which in many places are in- terrupted by volcanic rocks. CEYLON, an island and British pos- session at the south end of Hindustan in the Indian Ocean. The area is 25,481 square miles. It is about 376 miles long by 139 miles wide. The estimated popu- lation in 1918 was 4,632,400. The Mal- dive Islands are really a part of the Cey- lon government, although the people have the choice of electing a sultan of their own. Their population is about 72,000. The principal cities with their population in 1911 were: Columbo, 211,- 274; Gallee, 39,960; Jaffna, 40,411; Kan- dy, 29,451. Topography. — The island is pear- shaped — the small end to the N. There are few important indentations. At Trincomalee on the N. E. coast, there is one of the finest natural harbors in the world. Point de Galla on the S. coast is