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LEFT CELERY 393 C£XiI<ExvE CELERY, the common English name of Apium graveolens, a species of pars- ley. The blanched leaf -stalk of the cul- tivated varieties is used extensively for salads, etc. In its native state the seeds and whole plant are acrid and poisonous, and over-indulgence in the cultivated plant is said to induce urinary disorders. CELESTINE I., or CCELESTINUS, a Pope and saint, succeeded Boniface I. in 422. He was engaged in disputes with the Nestorians at the instigation of Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, and condemned them in a council held at Rome 430. Died 432, and was succeeded by Sixtus III. CELESTINE II., a Tuscan, succeeded Innocent II., and died five months after, 1144. CELESTINE III., succeeded Clement III. in 1191, crowned the Emperor Henry VI., excommunicated Leopold, Duke of Austria, and died 1198. CELESTINE IV., a Milanese, suc- ceeded Gregory IX. in 1241, and died about three weeks after his election. CELESTINE V. (Pietro di Monrone), a Benedictine monk, who founded the or- der of the Celestines. He was elected Pope in 1294, after an interregnum of six years. A few months after, he resigned his office and was succeeded by Boniface VIII., who confined him in the castle of Fumone, where he died. He was canon- ized in 1313 by Clement V. CELIBACY, the state of being celi- bate or unmarried; specially applied to the voluntary life of abstinence from marriage followed by many religious dev- otees and by some orders of clergy, as those of the Roman Catholic Church. The ancient Egyptian priests preserved a rigid chastity; the priestesses of ancient Greece and Rome were pledged to per- petual virginity, and celibacy is the rule with the Buddhist priests of the East. Among Christians the earliest aspirants to the spiritual nerfection supposed to be attainable through celibacy were not ec- clesiastics as such, but hermits and an- chorites who aimed at superior sanctity. During the first three centuries the mar- riage of the clergy was freely permitted, but by the Council of Elvira (305) con- tinence was enjoined on all who served at the altar. For centuries this subject led to many struggles in the church, but was finally settled by Gregory VII. posi- tively forbidding the marriage of the clergy. The Council of Trent (1593) confirmed this rule. In the Greek Church celibacy is not compulsory on the ordi- nary clergy. Protestants hold that there is no moral superiority in celibacy over marriage, and that the church has no right to impose such an obligation on any class of her ministers. CELL, a term of various applications: (1) the compartments of a honey-comb, (2) one of the small structures compos- ing the substance of plants, generally in- distinguishable by the naked eye, and each, at least for a time, being a whole complete in itself, being composed of solid, soft, and fluid layers, different in their chemical nature, and disposed con- centrically from without inward. For the most part, a group of them is in close contact, and firmly united; they then form a cell-tissue. Each cell fulfills its own definite part in the economy of the plant, and shows a variety in form corresponding to the different functions. By far the largest proportion of cells in the living succulent parts of plants are seen to be made up of three concentrical- ly-disposed layers: first, an outer skin, firm and elastic, called the cell-wall or cell-membrane, consisting of a substance peculiar to itself. The second layer is soft and elastic, and always contains al- buminous matter. And, thirdly, the cav- ity inclosed by the protoplasm-sac is filled with a watery fluid called cell-sap. (3) A term often applied to any small cavity, but properly restricted to a mi- croscopical anatomical element with a nucleus cell-wall and cell-contents when typically formed. The animal cell is ordinarily a closed sac, the environing membrane almost always consisting of a nitrogenous compound. The sac generally contains a liquid or semi-liquid proto- plasm, in which are suspended molecules, granules, globules, or other very minute cells. Along with these are nuclei, which again contain nucleoli. Cells may be formed from a protoplasm existing with- out the cell or within other cells. Or they may be made within others by what has hence been called an endogenous method or by division or in other ways. (4) The space between the two ribs of a vault, or the space inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple. (5) A structure in a wrought-iron beam or girder ; a tube consisting of four wrought-iron plates riveted to angle-iron at the corners. (6) In electricity, a single jar, bath, or division of a compound containing a cou- ple of plates, e. g., copper and zinc, united to their opposite or to each other usually by a wire. CELLERE, B. MACCHI DI, an Ital- ian diplomat, born 1866. For many years he had minor secretarial offices in the Department of Foreign Affairs, and was made charge d'affaires at Washing-