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LEFT CEDAR MOUNTAIN 392 CELEBIAC for oatmeal, flour, wagons, pumps, har- vesters, brooms and other products. It is the seat of the Iowa State Teachers College. Its water works and electric lighting plant are municipally owned, and it has a hospital, excellent schools and a Carnegie library. It was settled in 1845 and received its civic charter in 1865. Pop. (1910) 5,012; (1920) 6,316. CEDAR MOUNTAIN, an elevation in Culpeper co., Va., where in the Ameri- can Civil War, on Aug. 9, 1862, Gen. Banks was defeated by a superior Con- federate force under Gen. Jackson, and retired for re-enforcements from Gen. Pope, with a loss of 1,400 killed and wounded, 400 prisoners, and many miss- ing. The Confederates, who held the field two days and then fell back to meet Lee at Gordonsville, lost 1,314. CEDAR RAPIDS, a city in Linn CO., la., on the Cedar river, and on the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Illinois Cen- tral and other railroads; 79 miles S. W. of Dubuque. The city is regularly laid out and well built, and is the trade cen- ter of the surrounding country. It con- tains large pork-packing establishments, and the river supplies power for numer- ous manufactories and machine shops. The headquarters of the Order of Rail- way Conductors are located here. It is the seat of Coe College, and has electric lights and railways, waterworks, a high school, several churches, daily and week- ly newspapers, public and Masonic libra- ries. National banks, St. Luke's Hospital, etc. The city is connected with the op- posite bank of the river by several bridges. Pop. (1910) 32,811; (1920) 45,566. CEFALU, an episcopal city and sea- port in the province of Palermo, Sicily, 40 miles E. S. E. of the city of Palermo. It has a fine cathedral, several churches, and while the harbor is small it has con- siderable importance as a seaport. Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in fish- ing and quarrying. Pop. about 15,000. CELAYA, a town in the Mexican State of Guanajuato, on the Rio Laja, about 150 miles N. W. of the city of Mexico; has several fine plazas, hand- some churches, and manufactures of cot- • ton and woolen cloths and saddlery. Pop. about 25,000. CELEBES (sel'eb-ez), one of the larger islands of the Indian Archipelago, be- tween Borneo on the W. and the Moluc- cas on the E. It consists mainly of four large peninsulas stretching to the E. and S., and separated by three deep gulfs; total area, 72,070 square miles. No part of it is more than 70 miles from the sea. Celebes is mountainous chiefly in the center and the N., where there are several active volcanoes. It has also broad grassy plains and extensive for- ests. Gold is found in all the valleys of the N. peninsula, which abounds in sul- phur. Copper occurs at various points, and in Macassar tin also. Diamonds and other precious stones are found. The island is entirely destitute of feline or canine animals, insectivora, the elephant^ rhinoceros, and tapir (though these are found in Borneo), but it has the ante- lopean buffalo {A7ioa), the spiral-tusked pig {Bahyrcnissa) , etc. Among domes- ticated animals are small but vigorous horses, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and pigs. Trepang and turtle are caught in abun- dance. Marsupial animals are repre- sented by the cuscus, an opossum-like animal with a prehensile tail. Among the trees are the oak, teak, cedar, upas, bamboo, etc. Among cultivated plants are the coffee-tree, indigo, cacao, sugar- cane, manioc root, tobacco, etc. The maritime districts are inhabited by Malays; the Peninsula of Macassar is occupied by Bugis and Macassars. Mandhars dwell in the W. of the island, and the mountainous regions in the in- terior, especially in the N., are inhabited by Alfoories. The inhabitants may be classed into two groups: the Moham- medan semi-civilized tribes, and the pa- gans, who are more or less savage. The capital is Macassar, in the S. W. of the island (pop. about 30,000). The trade in trepang is very important. Macassar be- ing the chief staple place for this ar- ticle of commerce. The three great languages of the island, not reckoning the dialects of the savage tribes, are those of the Bugis, the Macassars, and the Mandhars. The ancient Bugi is the language of science and religion. The Bugis have a considerable body of litera- ture. Celebes was first visited by the Portuguese in 1512, but no factory was established by them there till a few years later. In 1660 Macassar was taken by the Dutch, the southern por- tion of the island put under Dutch rule, and the Portuguese expelled. In 1683 the northern part likewise fell into their hands. The island was conquered by the British in 1811, but a few years later it was again given up to the Dutch, in whose possession it has remained ever since. Pop. about 3,100,000. CELERIAC, turnip-rooted celery, a variety of celery in which the root re- sembles a turnip and may weigh 3 or 4 poounds. It is not earthed up, but is grown upon the surface of the ground, and kept free from weeds by frequent hoeing.