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LEFT CATTELL 384 CAUCASIA banks, and navigation is rendered more dangerous by its strong currents and vio- lent storms. The Danish shores are low, with stretches of sand or reefs, but the Swedish shore is very steep and rocky. CATTELL (JAMES) McKEEN, an American psychologist, born in Easton, Pa., May 25, 1860, graduated at Lafa- yette College in 1880, and studied at Leip- sic, Paris, Geneva and Gottingen. He was assistant under Wundt at the Uni- versity of Leipsic, Professor of Psychol- ogy in the University of Pennsylvania in 1888-1891, and Professor of Experi- mental Psychology in Columbia Univer- sity from 1891 to 1917. He was co-editor of the "Psychological Review," "Sci- ence," etc., and a member of many scien- tific associations. CATTLE, a collective term, denoting all animals of the bovine or ox kind. In the United States vast areas of graz- ing land in the Western States and Ter- ritories have been acquired by syndi- cates for the breeding and rearing of cattle; and with the view of improving the stock of native cattle, large numbers of well-bred bulls of the leading British varieties, either imported from the United Kingdom or descended from im- ported stock, have been sent to the West for use on ranches. The production of cattle in order to insure an adequate meat supply was one of the most important problems to be solved during the World War. The total amount of cattle in nine important coun- tries of Europe before the war was 65,- 205,000. After the war the total had been reduced to 58,163,000. On the other hand, in the United States before the war there were 56,592,000 cattle and after the war 67,866,000, or an increase of nearly 20 per cent. Increases were also shown in Canada, Argentina, and New Zealand, while there was a loss in Australia. The total number of cattle in the countries named numbered before the war, 102,157,000 and after the war, 118,895,000, or an increase of nearly 16 per cent. There was a total gain in the number of cattle in all countries con- sidered, of 9,096,000 cattle. The con- dition of cattle in Europe, however, was such that the stocks were not available either for dairy or meat production, on account of the prevailing shortage of food supplies and the widespread preva- lence of foot and mouth disease. For consideration of the meat industry in the United States, see Packing Industry. CATTLE-PLAGUE, any plague by which large numbers of cattle are de- stroyed. Such plagues have existed at intervals, more or less, in all countries and in all ages. Among the severer visi- tations in centuries preceding the 19th may be mentioned a great plague which arose in Hungary in 1711, whence it spread to other countries, destroying in the next three years about one and a half millions of cattle. A second visitation, which affected England and the W. of Europe, between 1745 and 1756, caused the death of about three millions of cattle. The name is given in the United States specifically to the disease known as "Texas fever," the scientific name of which is pleuro-pneumonia. Although this pest has from time to time broken out endemically, there has never been any general epidemic here such as has af- flicted other countries. The appellation "cattle plague" is also loosely given to another disease among cattle in the United States, which is otherwise known as "lumpy-jaw," a most virulent and in- curable affection. Experiments have been time and again ineffectually tried to find a cure for this, though large governmen- tal encouragement has been offered. A rigid examination of cattle is made by government inspectors at all receiving and shipping ports. CATULLUS, CAIUS VALERIUS (kat-ul'us), a Roman lyric poet, born in Verona, about 90 B. c. He was the friend of Cicero, of Flancus, Cinna, and Cor- nelius Nepos; to the last he dedicated the collection of his poems. Almost all the known details of his life are derived by inference from his works, and relate to such matters as his passion for Les- bia, his journey to Bithynia, and voyage home in his yacht, his pleasant villa on Lake Benacus, etc. He was the first of the Romans who successfully caught the Greek lyric spirit, and gave to Roman literature its most genuine songs. He died about 54 B. C. CAUCA, a river of Colombia, in South America, which, after a N. course of 600 miles, falls into the Magdalena. Its val- ley is one of the richest and most pop- ulous districts of the continent, and it gives name to one of the Colombian de- partments traversed by the Andean coast-range, and extending along the Pa- cific from Panama to Ecuador; area, 20,403 square miles; pop. about 215,000. It is rich in minerals. Capital, Popayan. CAUCASIA, a sub-division of Russia, between the Black and Caspian Seas, and extending from the frontier of Per- sia on the S. to the Kuma-Manych de- pression on the N. The Caucasus Moun- tains divide the territory into Cis-cau- casia and Trans-caucasia. The total area of Caucasia, the two parts being nearly