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LEFT CABDINAX 348 CARDS erected as need arose in the city; (3) from bishops who resided in the Roman diocese and helped the bishop proper. The Liber Pontificalis makes mention of such assistant bishops in Stephen IV. 's pontificate (768-772). After many fluctu- ations, the number of cardinal bishops was fixed by Sixtus V. at 6, of cardinal priests at 50, of cardinal deacons at 14, making 70 cardinals in all. According to the present law the ap- pointment (creatio) of cardinals rests with the Pope, who generally consults the existing cardinals, and often receives proposals from secular governments. Their seniority dates from the Pope's nomination, even if that nomination be made in petto — i. e., even if the Pope merely states that he has determined to create a new cardinal without mention- ing who he is, provided always that the Pope lives to proclaim the cardinal by name. The same qualifications of age, learning, character, etc., are required in the case of a cardinal and of a bishop. The cardinals in Conclave elect the new Pope, have constant access to him, and form his chief council. They have a vote at general councils, and, since the 13th century, precedence over all other mem- bers. They have quasi-episcopal juris- diction within the churches from which they take their titles. They have had since Urban VIII. the title of "Emi- nence." The body of cardinals is called the Sacred College. Their insignia are the red cardinal's hat, which is given them by the Pope, and not worn, but suspended in the church of their title, and finally buried with them; the red biretta, the sapphire ring, the miter of white silk, the purple cassock, etc. Car- dinals, however, who belong to a re- ligious order, retain the color proper to it in their cassocks. If a cardinal holds an episcopal see, he must reside there; otherwise he must not leave Rome with- out permission. At the head of the col- lege of cardinals stands the dean, who is usually Bishop of Ostia and senior of the cardinal bishops. It is he who conse- crates the newly elected Pope, if not already a bishop. The chief affairs of the Roman Catholic church are in the hands of the cardinals not as such, but as the chief members of the Roman (ad- ministrative) congregation; but the car- dinals possess no constitutional rights under the government of the papacy. They cannot even meet together without the Pope's leave. From Pole's death (1558) there was no English cardinal till Wiseman's time (1850) ; in the United States the first cardinal was Mc- Closkey (1875) ; the second, Gibbons (1886); the third, Farley (1911); the fourth, O'Connell (1911). CABDINAL BIRD, CarditidUa vir- ginidnus, a North American bird of the finch family, with a fine red plumage, and a crest on the head. Its song re- sembles that of the nightingale, hence one of its common names. Virginian Nightingale. — In size it is about equal to the starling. Called also Scarlet Grosbeak or Cardinal Grosbeak and Redbird. CARDINAL-FLOWER, the name com- monly given to Lobelia oardindlis, be- cause of its large, very showy, and in- tensely red flowers; it is a native of North America, but is much cultivated in gardens in Great Britain. CARDINAL POINTS, the N., S., EV, and W. points of the horizon; the four intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle. CARDINAL VIRTUES, or PRINCI- PAL VIRTUES, in morals, a name ap- plied to justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. CARDINO, the process wool, cotton, flax, etc., undergo previous to spinning, to lay the fibers all in one direction, and remove all foreign substances. CARDITIS, inflammation of the heart substance. Inflammation of the lining membrane is endocarditis, of the ex- ternal membrane, pericarditis. See Heart. CARDOON, the Cyndra Carduncuius, a perennial plant belonging to the eam» genus as the artichoke, and somewhat resembling it. It is a native of Canada. The thick, fleshy stalks and ribs of its leaves are blanched and eaten as an esculent vegetable. CARDS, oblong pieces of pasteboard, inscribed with certain figures and points, and used in various games of skill and hazard. The origin of this in- vention is obscure. While it has by some been erroneously attributed to the Ro- mans, by others it has been traced, per- haps with more plausibility, to an Asiatic source. The figures of the four suits were symbolical representations of the four great classes of men, and the names attached to these figures in England arose from a misapprehension of the names originally assigned to them. Thus, by the hearts are meant the gens de choeur (coeur), the choir-men or ecclesi- astics, and hence these are called copas, or chalices, by the Spaniards; whose word espada, isword, indicating the no- bility and warriors of the State, has been corrupted into the English^ spade. The clubs were originally trefles (trefoil leaves), and denoted the peasantry;