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LEFT BULOW 235 BULWEB-LYTTON war. This was, however, avoided by the meeting of the conference at Algeciras. He married the stepdaughter of the ItaKan premier Signor Minghetti, Prin- cess Camporeale. In 1905 he was raised by the Emperor to the rank of prince. In his home policies, he showed consid- erable skill in combating the radical ele- ments and keeping the reins of power in the hands of the conservatives, but in 1909 he was forced to resign because of the failure of his budget proposals. During the World War he played no conspicuous part, although it was under- stood that he was engaged in secret intrigues to separate Italy from her Al- lies, after having failed in a special mis- sion to Rome in 1915, sent for the pur- pose of keeping Italy from entering the war on the side of the Allies. He wrote "Imperial Germany" (1914). BiJLOW, HANS GUIDO VON, a Ger- man pianist and composer, born in Dres- den, Jan. 8, 1830; was intended for a lawyer, but adopted music as a profes- sion. He studied the piano under Liszt, and made his first public appearance in 1852. In 1855 he became leading pro- fessor in the Conservatory at Berlin; in 1858 was appointed court pianist; and in 1867 he became musical director to the King of Bavaria. In 1857 he mar- ried Cosima, daughter of Liszt who, in 1869, left him to become the wife of Richard Wagner. His compositions in- clude overture and music to "Julius Cffisar," "The Minstrel's Curse," and "Nirwana," songs, choruses, and piano- forte pieces. He was considered one of the first of pianists and orchestral con- ductors. He died in Cairo, Feb. 13, 1894. BULRUSH, or BULLRUSH, a name sometimes given to the botanical genus typha, called also cat's tail or reed mace. It is also the name of the genus scirpus, called also clubrush. Especially used of the species scirj/us lacustris, lake club- rush. The bulrush of Scripture is the translation of two distinct Hebrew words, agTYimi, possibly an arundo or some similar genus, in Isa. Iviii: 5, and gome, evidently the papyi-us nilotica (Ex. ii: 3, Isa. xviii: 2). BULWER, HENRY LYTTON EARLE (LORD BALLING), an English author and diplomatist, brother of Sir Edward Bulwcr-Lytton, born Feb. 13, 1801; was minister to Madrid in 1843 ; in 1849 had a diplomatic mission to Washington, and was one of the negotiators of the BUL- wer-Clayton Treaty (g. v.) ; was am- bassador to Turkey in 1858-1865. Among his works are "An Autumn in Greece" (1826) ; "France, Social, Liter- ary, and Political" (1834-1836) ; and "Life of Byron" (1835). He died in Na- ples, May 23, 1872. BULWER-CLAYTON TREATY, a treaty negotiated at Washington, D. C, in April, 1850, by John M. Clayton, Sec- retary of State under President Taylor, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British Minister to the United States. The treaty pro- vided that neither the United States nor Great Britain should attempt to control a proposed canal across Nicaragua. The treaty provided further for the neu- trality of the canal, and it guaranteed encouragement to all lines of inter- oceanic communication. The terms of the treaty were afterward much dis- puted. In 1882 the United States Gov- ernment intimated to Great Britain that the canal having become impracticable because of reasons for which Great Britain alone was responsible, the United States considered the treaty as no longer binding, but Great Britain continued to hold it as in force. On March 3, 1899, Congress passed a bill providing for the construction of a canal on the Nicaragua route, which also au- thorized the President to open negotia- tions with Great Britain for the abroga- tion of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, and, under the last clause a convention be- tween the two countries, abrogating the portions of the treaty that were deemed to be against the interest of the United States, was signed in Washington, Feb. 5, 1900. ■BULWER -LYTTON, EDWARD, LORD LYTTON, an English novelist, playwright, and poet, born in London, May 25, 1803; was the son of Gen. Earle Bulwer and Elizabeth B. Lytton, heiress of Knebworth, to whose estates he suc- ceeded in 1844 and assumed the surname of Lytton. In 1847, and again in 1852, he sat in Parliament; and in 1858-1859 was Colonial Secretary, during which he called into existence the colonies of British Columbia and Queensland. In 1866 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. Altogether his works ex- ceed 60 in number, and fill 110 volumes. His novels display great versatility, range of power, power of handling psy- chological and social problems, variety of incident and portraiture; and many are based on romantic and occult themes. Among the most famous are "Falkland" (1827); "Felham" (1828): "Devercux" (1829) ; "Paul Clifford" (1830) ; "Eu- gene Aram" (1832); "God(^phin" (1833) ; "Pilgrims of the Rhine" (1834) ; "Last Days of Pompeii" (1834) ; "Rienzi" (1837) ; "Ernest Mal- travers" (1837); "Alice, or the Mys- teries" (1838); "Last of the Barons" '