Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 02.djvu/246

LEFT BTJCARELl Y UBZUA 214 BUCHANAN the East, there should be little fear of its securing a foothold on Western soil. BUCARELI Y URZUA, ANTONIO MARIA, a Spanish soldier and admin- istrator; born in Seville, Jan. 24, 1717; was governor of Cuba in 1760-1771, and viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) from 1771 till his death in Mexico City, April 9, 1779. BUCCANEER, an order of men, not quite pirates, yet with decidedly pirati- cal tendencies, who for nearly 200 years infested the Spanish main and the ad- jacent regions. A bull of Pope Alex- ander VI,, issued in 1493, having granted to Spain all lands which might be dis- covered W. of the Azores, the Spaniards thought that they possessed a monopoly of all countries in the New World, and that they had a right to seize, and even put to death, all interlopers into their wide domain. Enterprising mariners be- longing to other nations, and especially those of England and France, consid- ered themselves at liberty to push their fortunes within the prohibited regions. Being cruelly treated, when taken, by the Spaniards, their comrades made re- prisals, and a state of war was estab- lished between the Spanish governments in the New World and the adventurers from the Old. The association of buc- caneers began about 1524, and con- tinued till after the English revolu- tion of 1688, when the French attacked the English in the West Indies, and the buccaneers of the two countries, who had hitherto been friends, took different sides, and were separated forever. Thus weakened, they began to be suppressed between 1697 and 1701, and soon after- ward ceased to exist. The buccaneers were also called "filibustiers," or fili- busters." BUCCINATOR, the trumpeter's mus- cle, one of the maxillary group of muscles of the cheek. They are the active agents in mastication, and are beautifully adapted for it. The buccinator circum- scribes the cavity of the mouth and, aided by the tongue, keeps the food und r the pressure of the teeth; it also helps to shorten the pharjmx from before backward, and thus assists in deglutition. BUCCINID^, a family of mollusks belonging to the order prosobranchiata, and the section siphonostoTnata. They constitute part of Cuvier's huccvnoida. They have the shell notched in front, or with the canal abruptly reflected so as to produce a varix on the front of the shell. The leading genera are bucoinum tere- brn, ebuma, nassa, purpura, cassis, dolium, hdrpa and oliva. BUCCINUM, the typical genus of th« family buccinidae. In English they are called whelks, which are not to be con- founded with the periwinkle, also some- times called whelk. B. undatum is the common whelk. Species of the genus exist in the cretaceous rocks, but it is essentially Tertiary and recent. BUCCLEUGH (bu-kl6), the title (now a dukedom) of one of the oldest families in Scotland, tracing descent from Sir Richard le Scott in the reign of Alex- ander III. (latter half of the 13th cen- tury), and first becoming conspicuous in the person of the border chieftain Sir Walter Scott, of Branxholm and Buc- cleugh — the latter an estate in Selkirk- shire. The son of Sir Walter, bearing the same name, was, for his valor and services, raised to the peerage, in 1606, as Lord Scott of Buccleugh, and his suc- cessor was made an Earl in 1619. In 1663 the titles and estates devolved upon Anne, daughter of the second Earl, who married the Duke of Monmouth, illegit- imate son of Charles II., the pair, in 1673, being created Duke and Duchess of Buccleugh, etc. Subsequently the Dukedom of Queensberry passed, by marriage, into the family. BUCENTAUR, a mythical monster, half man and half ox. The splendid galley in which the Doge of Venice an- nually wedded the Adriatic bore this name, doubtless because of the figure of a bucentaur on her bow. Three ships were built for this ceremony, en- joined by Pope Alexander III., and all bore a bucentaur figure-head; and the last one was destroyed by the French in 1798. BUCER, MARTIN (bii-sa' or bu'ser), a Protestant reformer, born in Alsace, in 1491; first united with Luther, but afterward inclined to Zwinglius, though he labored much to bring the two parties into a union. He went to England, in 1549, and was made Divinity Professor at Cambridge, where he died, Feb. 28, 1551. In the reign of Mary, his body was taken up and burned. His writings are very numerous. BUCHANAN, JAMES, an American statesman, 15th President of the United States, born near Mercersburg, Fa., April 23, 1791; graduated at Dickinson College in 1809, admitted to the bar in 1812. He supported the War of 1812, although affiliated with the Federalist party. In 1820 he was elected to Con- gress, serving successive terms by re- election for 10 years, where he made some reputation in the advocacy of bills for reorganizing the courts and judiciary. In 1828 he supported Andrew Jackson