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LEFT BBUNSWICK 208 BBUSH years, and its importance as a commer- cial port has been developed since the close of the Civil War. It has an admir- able and spacious harbor, provided with a brick lighthouse; is connected with New York, Femandina, and Savannah by regular steamship lines; and exports large quantities of cotton, phosphates, tar, turpentine and pine lumber. The city is the seat of a United States Marine Hospital; and is a popular summer and winter resort, with fine hotels. Pop. (1910) 10,182; (1920) 14,413. BRUNSWICK, a town in Cumberland CO., Me. ; at the head of navigation on the Androscoggin river, and on the Maine Central railroad, 26 miles N. E. of Port- land, and 8 miles W. of Bath. It is prin- cipally engaged in lumbering, milling and manufacturing; and is widely known as the seat of Bowdoin College and the Maine State Medical School. Pop. (1910) 5,341; (1920)5,784. BRUNSWICK, FAMILY OF, a dis- tinguished family founded by Albert Azo II., Marquis of Reggio and Modena, a descendant, by the female line, of Charlemagne. In 1047 he married Cuni- gunda, heiress of the Counts of Altorf, thus uniting the two houses of Este and Guelph. From his son, Guelph, who was created Duke of Bavaria, in 1071, and married Judith of Flanders, a descend- ant of Alfred of England, descended Henry the Proud, who succeeded, in 1125, and by marriage acquired Brunswick and Saxony. Otho, the great-grandson of Henry by younger branch of his fam- ily, was the first who bore the title of Duke of Brunswick (1235). By the two sons of Ernest of Zell, who became Duke in 1532, the family was divided into the two branches of Brunswick-Wolfenbiit- tel (II.) and Brunswick-Hanover, from the latter of which comes the present royal family of Great Britain. The for- mer was the German family in possession of the duchy of Brunswick until the death of the last Duke in 1884. George Louis, son of Ernest Augustus and Sophia, granddaughter of James I. of England, succeeded his father as Elector of Han- orer in 1698, and was called to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 as George I. BRUNSWICK, FERDINAND, DUKE OF, fourth son of Duke Ferdinand Al- bert, bom in Brunswick, in 1721. In 1739 he entered the Prussian service, was engaged in the Silesian wars, and in the Seven Years' War commanded the allied army in Westphalia. He drove the French from lower Saxony, Hesse and Westphalia, and was victorious at Cre- feld and Minden. After the peace he re- tired to Brunswick, and died in 1792. BRUNSWICK, FRIEDRICH WIL- HEIiM, DUKE OF, fourth and youngest son of Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick, bom in 1771. During the war against France, in 1792 and subse- quently, he fought in the Prussian ar- mies, was twice wounded, and once made prisoner with Bliicher at Liibeck. For the campaign of 1809 he raised a free corps in Bohemia, but was compelled to embark his troops for England, where he was received with enthusiasm. His corps immediately entered the British service, and was afterward employed in Portugal and Spain, the Parliament granting him a pension of £6,000, until he returned to his hereditary dominions, 1813. The events of 1815 called him again to arms, and he fell at Quatre Bras, 1815. Caro- line, wife of George IV., was a sister of this prince. BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF, bom in 1735; entered upon the government in 1780. He received the chief command of the Aus- trian and Prussian army against France, in 1792, and designed to press forward from Lorraine to Paris, but, after tak^ ing Longwy and Verdun, was baffled in Champagne by Dumouriez, defeated at Valmy by Kellermann, and obliged to evacuate the province. In 1793 the Duke, in conjunction with the Austrians, opened the campaign on the upper Rhine, took Konigstein and Mentz, and prepared to attack Landau. After a long struggle with varying success the Austrian lines were broken by Pichegru, and the Duke was obliged to follow their retreat across the Rhine. At Auerstadt he was mor- tally wounded, in 1806. BRUNSWICK BLACK, a composition of lamp black and turpentine, used for imparting a jet black appearance to iron articles. A similar composition of finer quality is known as Berlin black. BRUSH, an instrument used for painting, or for removing dirt by light rubbing, from floors, furniture, etc. They are generally made of hair, bristles, or whalebone, and are divided into two classes — simple and compound. Simple brushes are composed of a single tuft, and compound brushes consist of several tufts inserted in a handle. Painters' brushes are examples of the former, and ordinary hair brushes of the latter. The smaller kinds of simple brushes are knowTi by the name of pencil, and ar<? made of camel or sable hair, inserted in quills of different sizes. Compound brushes are so made that a number of tufts are inserted into holes perforated at regular distances in the back, or stock of the handle.