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LEFT BBISTOL 185 BRITISH COLUMBIA yards. Coal is worked extensively with- in the limits of the borough. In old Celtic chronicles we find the name Caer Oder, or "the City of the Chasm," given to a place in this neigh- borhood, a name T)eculiarly appropriate to the situation of Bristol, or rather of its suburb, Clifton. The Saxons called it Bricgstow, "bridge-place." In 1873, it was constituted a county of itself by Edward III. It was made the seat of a bishopric by Henry VIII., in 1542 (now united with Gloucester). In 1831, the Reform agitation gave origin to riots that lasted for several days. The rioters destroyed a number of public and private buildings, and had to be dis- persed by the military. Sebastian Cabot, Chatterton, and Southey were na- tives of Bristol. Pop. about 365,000. BRISTOL, FRANK MILTON, a Methodist Episcopal bishop, born in Or- leans CO., N. Y., in 1851. He studied for the ministry and held important pas- torates in Chicago and Washington. He was elected bishop in 1908. He is an eloquent preacher and voluminous writer. Among his publications are "Shakes- peare and America," "Providential Epochs," and "The Ministry of Art." BRISTOL BAY, an arm of Bering Sea, lying immediately to the N. of the peninsula of Alaska, receives the waters of two large lakes, by which communi- cation with the interior is opened up for a considerable distance. BRISTOL CHANNEL, an arm of the Atlantic, extending between the S. shores of Wales and the S. W. peninsula of England, and forming the continuation of the estuary of the Severn. It is re- markable for its high tides. BRISTOL, or BRISTOW, DIAMOND, a species of rock crystal, sometimes colored, sometimes transparent. It is found chiefly in the St. Vincent rocks near Bristol, and is also known as Bristol stone. BRISTOW, JOSEPH LITTLE, Amer- ican newspaper editor; born in Wolfe zo., Ky., July 22, 1861. He was gradu- ated at Baker University, Kansas, in 1886; was clerk to the district court, Douglas CO., Kan., from 1886 to 1890; owned and edited the Salina (Kan.) "Daily Republican" from 1890 to 1895; bought the Ottawa (Kan.) "Herald" in 1895; was private secretary to Governor Morrill of Kansas in 1895-7; and from 1894 to 1898 was secretary to the Re- publican State Commission of Kansas. Bristow was assistant postmaster-general from 1897 to 1905, and in 1900 was com- missioned to superintend the investiga- tion of Cuban postal frauds and the re- organization of the Cuban postal service. He again bought the Salina "Daily Re- publican Journal" in 1903 and continued editing it until 1909, when he was elected United States senator, serving until 1915. He was defeated for re-election and was appointed chairman of the Kansas Utili- ties Commission, on which he served until 1918. BRISTOW STATION (old form, now BRISTOE), a village in Prince William CO., Va.; 4 miles S. W. of Manassas Junction. On Aug. 27, 1862, a drawn battle took place here between the Fed- eral army, under General Hooker, and a Confederate one, under General Early, and on Oct. 14, 1863, the Federal troops, under General Warren, repulsed with severe loss a Confederate attack under General A. P. Hill. BRITAIN. See GREAT BRITAIN. BRITANNIA, the name applied by Cassar and other Roman writers to the island of Great Britain; Aristotle hav- ing referred to the Nesoi Bretannikai (British Isles) as early as the 4th cen- tury B._C. BRITANNIA METAL, an alloy of brass, tin, antimony, and bismuth. It is used to make cheap spoons and tea- pots. BRITANNICUS, son of the Emperor Claudius, by his third wife, Messalina. His original name was Tiberius Clau- dius Germanicus, to which was subse- quently added Britannicus, from the con- quests which were made in Britain. He died in 56; poisoned by Nero in his 14th year. BRITISH COLUMBIA, a Province (including Vancouver Island) of the Dominion of Canada, bounded on the N. by the 60th parallel of lat.; E. by the Rocky Mountains; S. by the United States; and W. by Alaska, the Pacific Ocean, and Queen Charlotte's Sound; area, 312,630 square miles; pop. about 400,000; capital, Victoria (pop. about 45,000). Topography. — The coast line is much indented, and is flanked by numerous islands, the Queen Charlotte Islands be- ing the chief after Vancouver. The in- terior is mountainous, being traversed by the Cascade Mountains near the coast, and by the Rocky Mountains farther E. There are many lakes, gen- erally long and narrow, and lying in the deep ravines that form a feature of the surface, and are traversed by numerous rivers. Of these, the Fraser, with its