Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 02.djvu/182

LEFT BBAZIL TEA 160 BBEAD which they yield on pressure an oil used by watchmakers and artists. BBAZIL TEAj._a tree — ^the mate (ilex Paraguay ensis), the leaves of which are used in South America as a substitute for Chinese or India tea. BBAZIL WOOD, a kind of wood used for dyeing, and extensively imported from the West Indies, Brazil, and other tropical countries. The best qualities of it are said to be produced by cazsalpinia echinata. Other kinds are derived from the C. brasiliensis and C crista. The former has timber which is elastic, tough and durable, and which takes a fine polish. It is of a fine orange color, full of resin, and yields by infusion a fine, full tincture. BBAZING, the act of soldering to- gether the surfaces of iron, copper, brass, etc., with an alloy composed of brass and zinc, sometimes with the ad- dition of a little tin or silver. BBAZOS, a large river of the United States, in Texas, rising in the N. W. part of the State, and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 900 miles, 40 miles W. S. W. of Galveston. During the rainy season, from February to May inclusive, it is navigable by steamboats for about 300 miles. BBAZZA (brat'sa), an island in the Adriatic, part of Dalmatia, 24 miles long and from 5 to 7 broad, mountain- ous and well wooded. It produces good wines and oil, almonds, silk, etc. Pop. about 23,000. BBEACH, the aperture or passage made in the wall of any fortified place by the ordnance of the besiegers for the purpose of entering the fortress. Breaching batteries, are batteries of heavy guns intended to make a breach. BBEACH, in law, any violation of a law, or the non-performance of a duty imposed by law. Breaches are of vari- ous kinds: 1. Breach of close, i. e., of what is inclosed in fact or in the eye of the law. The entry into another man's land. (Blackstone's "Commentaries," bk. iii., ch. xii.) 2. Breach of covenant. — The viola- tion of a written agreement. (Black- stone's "Commentaries," bk. iii., ch. ix.) 3. Breach of duty.— Violation of the duty incumbent upon one rightly to dis- charge the functions imposed upon him by the office or trust which he holds. (Blackstone's "Commentaries," bk. iii., ch. ix.) 4. Breach of the peace. — Offenses against the public, involving personal violation of the peace, or incitement or provocation to others to do so. (Black- stone's "Commentaries," bk. iv., ch. xi.) 5. Breach of pound. — The act of breaking into a pound, or any similar place, to rescue one's cattle or other property there inclosed. (Blackstone's "Commentaries," bk. iii., ch. ix.) 6. Breach of prison — Escape of a prisoner from prison by breaking the building or in any other way. (Black- stone's "Commentaries," bk. iv., ch. x.) 7. Breach of promise. — (a) General. — Violation of one's pledged word, es- pecially if the promise be written down, (b) Special. — Breach of promise of mar- riage. An action lies for it on the part of either man or woman, though, as a rule, only the latter is believed to be substantially injured or deserve damages. 8. Breach of trust. — The violation of one's duty as trustee, or anything sim- ilar. BBEAD, the flour or meal of grain kneaded with water into a tough and consistent paste and baked. There are two kinds of bread, leavened and un- leavened. Leavened, or fermented bread, is prepared by mixing together certain quantities of flour, warm water, salt and yeast, or leaven. Leaven, which is now seldom used in this country is a mixture of flour, pota- toes and water, kept in a warm place till it begins to ferment. Unleavened, or unfermented, bread, is of two kinds. In the one, flour and water only are used, and this produces a heavy and compact bread. In the other, an acid and a carbonate are added for tho purpose of disengaging carbonic acid gas, which, in imitation of yeast, raises tho dough and renders the bread light and porous. The substances used are car- bonate of ammonia or carbonate of soda, in combination with hydrochloric or tartaric acids. Aerated bread is prepared by forcing pure carbonic acid gas into the dough contained in a strong iron vessel. When this carbonated dough is introduced into the oven the gas expands and escapes, leaving the bread light and porous. Graham bread is ordinary white bread with from 15 to 20 per cent, of fine bran. Whole meal bread, made from unsifted ground wheat, is the only true Graham bread, being richer in nutrients than white bread. The amount of nitrogenous matter in white bread varies from 5 to 8 per cent., while in whole meal bread it rises to 14 per cent. Brown bread is bread made of a mix- ture of wheaten, or rye flour, an Indian corn meal. It is sometimes sweetened.