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LEFT BOUBNE 137 BOUTWELL bringing about the condemnation and execution of Marshal Ney. He received high military employment under Louis XVIII. Distinguishing himself in the Chamber of Peers as a zealous suppor- ter of the King, he was appointed Min- ister of War in 1829. When the expedi- tion against Algiers was undertaken in April, 1830, he received the chief com- mand of the troops, and the rapid suc- «ess of the expedition was ascribed to him. For this he received the Marshal's baton on July 22. The Revolution break- ing out, he was superseded in his com- mand, and went to England to share the exile of Charles X. He died in Anjou, Oct. 27, 1846. BOURNE, EDWARD GAYLORD (bom), an American educator, born in Strykersville, N. Y., June 24, 1860. He was graduated at Yale in 1883, and has been Professor of History at that insti- tution since 1895, having previously in- structed and lectured in history there. He wrote "The History of Surplus Rev- enue," and was an editor of the "Yale Review." He died Feb. 24, 1908. BOURNE, HUGH, founder of the sect of Primitive Methodists or Ranters, born in Staffordshire, England, April 3, 1772. In the course of his life he visitea Scot- land, Ireland, Canada, and the United States, where his ministrations were at- tended with great success. He died in Bemersly, Oct. 11, 1862. BOURNE, JONATHAN, American Senator; born at New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 23, 1855. He was educated at Har- vard, but left college to go to sea, was shipwrecked at Formosa, and, being res- cued, was taken to Portland, Ore., where he has since remained. He was admitted to the bar in 1881, and, after practicing law for a year, became interested in min- ing and commercial undertakings. He is president of several corporations in Or- egon and of the Bourne Cotton Mills, Fall River, Mass. In 1885 he was elected to the State Legislature, and was a mem- ber of the Republican National Conven- tion in 1888 and 1892. He was elected to the United States Senate for the term of 1907-1913, but was defeated for re- election in the latter year. BOURNE, RANDOLPH SILLIMAN, American author; born in Bloomfield, N. J„ in 1886. He studied at Columbia University, from which he graduated in 1913. He pursued studies in London and Paris. 1913-1914, and on his rf;turn to the United States became a member of the editorial staff of "New Republic" and the "Dial," besides contributing to other magazines. He was an exponent of the radical school of thought and an able and forceful writer. Among his publi- cations were "Youth and Life" (1913) ; "The Gary Schools" (1916) ; and "Edu- cation and Living" (1917). He died in 1918. BOURRIENNE, FAUVELET DE (bor-yen'), a French diplomatist, born in 1769, and educated along with Bona- parte at the School of Brienne, where a close intimacy sprang up between them. Bourrienne went to Germany to study law and languages, but, returning to Paris in 1792, renewed his friendship with Napoleon, from whom he obtained various appointments, and, latterly, that of m.inister plenipotentiary at Hamburg. His character suffered from his being in- volved in several dishonorable monetary transactions, but he continued to fill high state offices, and, in 1814, was made pre- fect of police. On the abdication of Na- poleon he paid his court to Louis XVIII., and was nominated a Minister of State. The Revolution of July, 1830, and the loss of his wealth, deprived him of his reason. He died in a lunatic asylum in 1834. His "Memoires sur Napoleon, le Directoire, le Consulat, I'Empire et la Restauration" are valuable. BOURSE, an exchange where mer- chants, bankers, etc., meet for the trans- action of financial business. It is used especially of the Stock Exchange of Paris. In the United States the great exchange in Philadelphia is styled the Bourse. BOUSSA (bos'a), or BUSSANG, a city of Africa, in the Sudan, on the Niger, near where are rapids; about lat. 10° 40' N. It was here that Mungo Park met his death in 1805. Pop. est. between 15,000 and 20,000. BOUTWELL, GEORGE SEWELL, an American statesman, born in Brookline, Mass., Jan. 23, 1818; was admitted to the bar in 1836 ; served in the State Legis- lature in 1842-1851; Governor of Mass- achusetts in 1851-1852; was an organ- izer of the Republican party in 1854; appointed the first commissioner of the newly established Department of In- ternal Revenue in 1862; a Representative in Congress in 1863-1869; one of the managers of the impeachment trial of President Johnson; Secretary of the Treasury in 1869-1873; and a United States Senator in 1873-1879. Besides numerous speeches he published "Edu- cational Topics and Institutions" (1859) ; several works concerning taxation, and "The Constitution of the United States at the End of the First Century" (1895). He died Feb. 28, 1905.