Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 02.djvu/15

LEFT BERNARD OF CLUNT BERNHARDT BERNARD OF CLTJNY, a French monk and poet who flourished in the 12th century, and is noted for his work "On Contempt of the World" (1597) ; but Very little is known of the author's life. BERNARDINE, the name given to the Cistercian monks, a branch of the old Benedictines, from St. Bernard, who, en- tering the order, gave it such an impulse that he was considered its second founder. His Order was revived in 1664 by Armand Jean Bouthelier de Ranee, and long flourished under the name of the Reformed Bernardines of La Trappe. BERNHARD, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, a German military officer, born in 1604. He entered the army, and early distin- guished himself. He joined the army of Gustavus Adolphus, in 1631, in the war against the House of Austria. He took part in the siege of Wiirzburg, assisted at the passage of Oppenheim, took Mannheim, and drove the enemy from the Palatinate. He began the conquest of Bavaria, completed the victory of Liitzen after the fall of Gustavus, and drove the Austrians from Saxony. He afterward had a command subordinate to Marshal Horn. He took Ratisbon, which was soon lost, and, with Horn, was defeated at Nordlingen, m Septem- ber, 1634. Soon after he accepted a sub- sidy from the King of France, and con- certed operations with Richelieu. In 1638 he won the battle of Rheinfeld, and took Alt-Breisach. He died in 1639. BERNHARDT, FRTEDRICH VON, a German general and author, born Nov. 22, 1849. His early education was thor- ough, both in letters and in military sci- ence. His chief claim to eminence lies in a book written by him in 1911. en- titled "Germany and the Next War." Its importance has been minimized by the Germans themselves, but after the actual outbreak of the World War, it was more widely quoted from than any other GeiTiian work and was accepted by the Allied nations as the most per- fect embodiment of the callousness and cynicism of the German military clique that provoked the conflict. Bemhardi's book was characterized by keenness and ingenuity, and the course of the war showed that it contained some elements of prophecy, notably in the violation of Belgian neutrality and the extensive em- ployment of the submarine. Other lx)oks by him are "How Germanv Makes War," "Cavalry," and on "War of To-Day," but none of them attained the importance of the first. During the World War he commanded an army corps on the Bel- gian front, but never rose above medioc- rity as a military leader. BERNHARDT, ROSINE SARAH, a French actress, born in Paris, Oct. 22, 1844. At an early age her Jewish par- ents placed her in a convent at Ver- sailles. When 14 years old she left the convent, and entered the Paris Conser- vatoire. In 1862 she made her debut at the Theatre Frangais, in Racine's "Iphi- gene" and Scribe's "Valerie," but, not SARAH BERNHARDT achieving a success, she retired for a time from the stage. Her first great success was as Marie de Neuberg, in Vic- tor Hugo's "Ruy Bias," in January, 1867. Becoming very popular by her representations, notably in "Andro- maque" and "La Sphinx," she was re- called to the Frangais, and was soon rec- ognized as the foremost actress in French tragedy. In 1879 she visited London with the company of the Come- die Frangaise and was warmly received; in 1880, 1887, 1891, 1896, 1900, 1911 and 1913 she made successful appear- ances in the United States, and visited Switzerland, Holland, South America, Italy, Algeria, Australia, etc. In 1899 she appeared in a new rendering of