Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 02.djvu/126

LEFT BOND 104 BONESET tain a penalty, and an obligation when it does. If two or more persons bind them- selves in a bond jointly and severally, the obligee may sue them jointly or single out any one of the number he pleases to sue; but if they are bound jointly, and not severally, he must sue them jointly or not at all. Bonds of an immoral char- acter are void at law. BOND, in masonry, a stone or brick which is laid with its length across a wall, or extends through the facing course into that behind, so as to bind the facing to the backing. Such stones are known also as binders, bond stone, bind- ing stones, through stones, perpent stones and headers. In brick laying, a bond is a particular mode of disposing bricks in a wall so as to tie and break joint. The English bond has courses of headers alternating with courses of stretchers. In the Flemish bond each course has stretch- ers and headers alternating. BONDED WAREHOUSES, places where taxable imports or manufactures may be left in government custody, un- der bond for payment of the duty, till the importer or manufacturer is prepared to make full payment of duty. The system was designed to promote commerce and certain manufactures by lessening the pressure on the importer or manufac- turer by means of instalment payments of duty. BONDIT, or BONDOU, a former king- dom of west Africa, in Senegal; now a French protectorate; capital, Bulibani, on the Faleme river. It has a luxuriant vegetation, magnificent forests, and is in many parts under good culture, produc- ing large crops of cotton, millet, maize, indigo, tobacco, etc. The inhabitants are principally the Fulah tribe, and are esti- mated at about 1,500,000. BONE, in physiology, a hard, dense, opaque substance used as the internal framework of man, the vertebrata and some cephalopoda, and as the external covering of several classes of animals. It is composed partly of an organic (or animal) and partly of an inorganic (or earthy) material. In a child the earthy material is a trifle under half the weight of the bone, in an adult four-fifths, and in an old person seven-eights. The ani- mal part of bone consists of cartilage, with vessels, medullary membrane and fat. Three hours' boiling will convert it into gelatine. The earthy part con- sists of phosphate and carbonate of lime, with smaller portions of phosphate and carbonate of magnesia. The outer por- tion of a bone is in general compact and strong, the interior reticular, spongy, u» cancelled, that is, having spaces or cells (called cancelli) communicating freely with each other. The hard surface of bone is covered by a firm, tough mem- brane called the periosteum. In the com- pact tissue are vascular canals called ha- versian canals. There are in bone pores coalescing into a lacuna beneath. It has blood vessels and nerves. Bones may be classified into long, short, flat, and irreg- ular. A long bone is divided into a shaft and two extremities. There are 198 bones in the fully developed human skeleton. BONE, in chemistry, consists partly of animal and partly of earthy matter. The former is called ossein. It yields gelatine on being boiled. The composition of human bones, as analyzed by Berzelius, is shown in the following table : Animal matter soluble by boiling 32.17 Vascular substance 1.13 Calcium phosphate, with a little calcium fluoride 53.04 Calcium carbonate 11.30 Magnesium phosphate 1.16 Soda, with a little common ealt 1.20 100 In the other vertebrates the propor- tions are slightly different. BONE ASH, ash made of calcined bones. It consists chiefly of tricalcic phosphate Ca"2(P04)2"', mixed with about one-fourth its weight of magnesium phos- phate and calcic carbonate. BONE BED, in geology, a bed contain- ing numerous fragments of fossil bones, teeth, etc. BONE MANURE, one of the most im- portant fertilizers in agriculture. The value of bones as manure arises chiefly from the phosphates and nitrogenous or- ganic matters they contain. Bones have long been used as manure in some parts of England, but only in a rude, unscien- tific way. It was in 1814 or 1815 that machinery was first used for crushing them in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and bone dust and dissolved bones are now largely employed as manures, great quan- tities of bones being now imported into Great Britain for this purpose. Before being utilized in agriculture they are often boiled for the oil or fat they con- tain, which is used in the manufacture of soap and lubricants. BONESET, or THOROUGHWORT {eupatorium perfolidtum), a useful an- nual plant, natural order cotnpositx, in- digenous to the United States, and easuly recognized by its tall stem, 4 or 5 feet in height, passing through the middle of a large, double, hairy leaf, and surmounted