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LEFT BELLEVILLE 477 BELLIGERENT are generally understood to come under the head of belles-lettres. BELLEVILLE, city and county-seat of St. Clair co., 111.; on several railroads; 14 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo. It is in the midst of very productive coal mines; has a large trade in flour, and general produce; and is chiefly engaged in the manufacture of glass, stoves, flour, nails, and machinery. The city has trolley lines to St. Louis, a public library, St. Peter's Cathedral (Roman Catholic), convent. National bank, etc. Pop. (1910) 21,122; (1920) 24,823. BELLEVILLE, a town of New Jersey in Essex co. It is on the Passaic river, the Morris canal, and the Erie railroad. It is connected by electric roads to New- ark, of which it is a suburb. It has manufactures of rubber goods, dynamos, brass, copper, chemicals, etc. The town has an Elks' Home and a public library. Pop. (1910) 9,891; (1920) 15,660. BELLEVILLE, town, port of entry, and county-seat of Hastings co., Ont., Canada; on the Bay of Quinte, at the mouth of the Moira river; and on the Grand Trunk and Midland railways; 60 miles W. of Kingston. It has an excel- lent harbor, and abundant water power; it is in direct steamboat communication with many United States and Canadian points; is principally engaged in manu- facturing and commerce; and is a popu- lar summer resort. Belleville is the seat of Albert University (Methodist Episco- pal), which comprises Albert College for men, and Alexandra College for women; and in the suburbs is a large deaf and dumb asylum. The city has agencies for the principal banks of Canada; about a dozen churches, convent, and daily and weekly newspapers. Pop. about 10,000. BELLEVUE, a city of Kentucky in Campbell co. It is on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. It has important in- dustries, the chief of which are the quarrying of sand and gravel. Pop. (1910) 6,683; (1920) 7,379. BELLEVUE, a city of Ohio, in Huron and Sandusky cos. It is on the Pennsyl- vania, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the New York, Chicago and St. Louis, and the Wheeling and Lake Erie railroads. It is the center of an important agricultural region. It has quarries of limestone, lumber yards, manufactories of agricultural imple- ments, stoves, etc. There is a library and a hospital. Pop. (1910) 5,209; (1920) 5,776. BELLEVUE, a borough of Pennsyl- vania in Allegheny co. It is on the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne, and Chicago railroad, and on the Ohio river. It ad- joins Pittsburgh, of which it is a suburb. There is a large hospital and a memo- rial park. Pop. (1910) 6,323; (1920) 8;198. BELLIGERENT. When two sov- ereign states (nations) are at war with each other, both are "belligerents" un- der international law and are recognized by neutral states as possessing certain privileges technically knovm as "bellig- erent rights." Where one of the parties to the war is not a state, but a group or faction in revolt against the government of its parent state, the revolting faction does not acquire the status of belliger- ency and become entitled to belligerent rights merely through the fact of being engaged in war. Whether this status is accorded, either by the parent state or by other states, depends upon many conditions. The parent state will in most cases accord it reluctantly, if at all. Other states will in general be guided by considerations of their own interest and convenience and will as a rule insist upon certain conditions, of which the following are the mo.st im- portant: The revolting faction must have established a stable government able to maintain order within the terri- tory under its control; the objects sought by this government must be po- litical, not personal; hostilities must be carried on in accordance with the rules of civilized warfare; the proportions of the revolt must be such as to justify be- lief in its possible success. Even when all of these conditions exist, a neutral state friendly to the parent state will be slow to recognize the revolting fac- tion as a belligerent unless its own inter- ests are threatened; as for example, in cases where the field of hostilities is near the border of the neutral state, or where the war includes operations at sea covering the routes of neutral commerce. A neutral state, having decided to recognize a revolting faction as a bellig- erent, usually gives formal notice of such recognition by issuing a proclama- tion defining the new attitude which it proposes to assume toward the parties to the war. This attitude having been announced, the following belligerent rights result, so far as the recognizing state is concerned : 1. The right to establish and main- tain a blockade. 2. The right for vessels of war of the belligerent to visit merchanti ves- sels of the neutral on the high seas, to examine their papers, and to search for contraband of war. This is tech-