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LEFT SABMEN 422 BABNARD but one of the brothers, Giaffar, having at last become an object of suspicion to the Caliph, Yahia and his sons were suddenly seized, Giaffar beheaded, and the others condemned to perpetual imprisonment. The year 802 is assigned as the date of this tragedy. BARMEN, a city on the Wupper, in the Prussian Rhine province, government of Dusseldorf, and formed by the union of seven villages contained in the fine valley of Barmen. It has extensive rib- bon and other textile manufactures; also dye works, manufactures of chemicals, metal wares, buttons, yarns, iron, ma- chines, pianos, organs, soap, etc. Pop. about 175,000. BARNABAS, ST., or JOSEPH, a dis- ciple of Jesus, and a companion of the Apostle Paul. He was a Levite, and a native of the island of Cyprus, and is said to have sold all his property, and laid the price of it at the feet of the apostles (Acts iv: 36, 37). When Paul came to Jerusalem, three years after his conversion, about A D. 38, Barnabas in- troduced him to the other apostles (Acts ix: 26, 27). Five years afterward, the Church at Jerusalem being informed of the progress of the Gospel at Antioch, sent Barnabas thither. (Acts xi: 20, 24). He afterward went to Tarsus, to seek Paul and bring him to Antioch, where they dwelt together two years, and great numbers were converted. They left Antioch A. D. 45, to convey alms from this Church to that of Jerusalem, and soon returned, bringing with them John Mark (Acts xi: 28, 30; xii: 25). While they were at Antioch, the Holy Ghost directed that they should be set apart for those labors to which he had appointed them; viz., the planting of new churches among the Gentiles. They then visited Cyprus, and some cities of Asia Minor (Acts XV : 2-14), and after three years' absence returned to Antioch. In A. D. 50, he and Paul were appointed delegates from the Syrian churches to consult the apostles and elders at Jerusalem, respecting cer- tain questions raised by Jewish zealots; and they returned after having obtained the judgment of the brethren of Jeru- salem. While preparing for a second missionary tour, Paul and Barnabas, having a dispute relative to Mark, Bar- nabas' nephew, they separated, Paul going to Asia, and Barnabas with Mark to Cyprus (Acts xiv: 36-41; Gal. ii: 13). Nothing is known of his subsequent history. The festival of St. Barnabas is celebrated in the Roman Catholic Church on the 11th of June. Epistle of St. Barnabas, an apoc- ryphal letter laying greater claim to canonical authority than most of the other uncredited writings. It is pub- lished by Archbishop Wake among his translations of the works of the Apos- tolical Fathers, in the preliminary dis- sertation to which he gives the argu- ments adduced to prove it to be the work of St. Barnabas. It is, however, gen- erally believed to have been written by some converted Jew in the 2d century, and seems to have been addressed to the unconverted Jews. It is divided into two parts. Gospel of St. Barnabas, the apoc- ryphal work also ascribed to Barnabas. It relates the history of Christ very dif- ferently from the Evangelists, and is believed to be a forgery of some nominal Christians, and afterward altered and interpolated by the Mohammedans, the better to serve their purpose. It cor- responds with those traditions which Mo- hammed followed in the Koran. BARNABAS, CAPE, a headland of Alaska, which Cook discovered on St. Barnabas Day. BARNACLE, in zoology, (1) A general name for both pedunculated and sessile cirripeds. (2) Special: The English name of the pedunculated cirripeds {le- padidss), as contradistinguished from those which are sessile, yet more espe- cially applied to the lepas, the typical genus of the family and order. In ornithology the name for the bar- nacle goose. Formerly the absurb belief was entertained that there geese sprung from the barnacles described above. Two species of the genus lepas were called, by Linnaeus, lepas anserifera and L ana- tifera = goose-bearing, of course with no belief in the fable suggested by the name. BARNARD, EDWARD EMERSON, an American astronomer, born in Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1857; graduated at Van- derbilt University in 1887; was astron- omer in Lick Observatory, California, in 1887-1895, and then became Professor of Astronomy in Chicago University and Director of the Yerkes Observatory. His principal discoveries are the fifth satel- lite of Jupiter in 1892, and 16 comets. He has made photographs of the Milky Way, the comets, nebulaa, etc. The French Academ.y of Sciences awarded him the Lelande gold medal in 1892, the Arago gold medal in 1893, the Janssen gold medal in 1900, and the Janssen prize in 1906, and the Royal Astronom- ical Society of Great Britain gave him a gold medal in 1897. He is a member of many American and foreign societies, and a contributor to astronomical jour- nals.