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LEFT ARTICLE 279 ARTICULATION hunkirzeed, as an emetic. Artichokes were introduced into England early in the 16th century. The Jerusalem artichoke is not from Jerusalem, and is not an artichoke. It is an American sunflower (helianthus tuberosus). The word Jerusalem arose from a corruption of the Italian girasole, meaning "turner to the sun." The roots of this species are sometimes used as a substitute for potatoes. ARTICLE, in grammar, a part of speech used before nouns to limit or de- fine their application. In English a, or an, is usually called the indefinite arti- cle (the latter form being used before a vowel sound), and the, the definite article, but they are also described as adjectives. An was originally the same as one, and the as that. In Latin there were no articles, and Greek has only the definite article. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, the title of the compact which was made by the 13 original States of the United States of America. It was adopted and carried into force on March 1, 1781, and remained as the supreme law until the first Wednesday of March, 1789. ARTICLES OF WAR, a code of laws for the regulation of the military forces of a country. Those of Great Brit- ain and Ireland were issued prior to 1879, in pursuance of the annually re- newed mutiny act. In 1879 the army discipline act consolidated the provi- sions of the mutiny act with the articles of war. This act was amended in 1881, and now the complete military code is contained in the army act of 1881. In the United States, the articles of war form an elaborate code, thoroughly re- vised in 1880, but subject at all times to the legislation of Congress. In 1911, the articles were again re- vised, but no important changes were made. The purpose was to bring the military courts in harmony with the civil courts. Provision was made for the transfer of military delinquents from the civil to the military courts, etc. ARTICLES, THE THIRTY-NINE, of the Church of England, a statement of the particular points of doctrine, 39 in number, maintained by the English Church; first promulgated by a convo- cation held in London in 1562-1563, and confirmed by royal authority; founded on and superseding an older code issued in the reign of Edward VI. The five first artioJes contain a profession of faith in the Trinity; the incarnation of Jesus Christ, His descent to Hell, and His resurrection; the divinity of the Holy Ghost. The three following relate to the canon of the Scripture. The 8th ar- ticle declares a belief in the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian creeds. The 9th and following articles contain the doctrine of original sin, of justification by faith alone, of predestination, etc. The 19th, 20th, and 21st declare the Church to be the assembly of the faith- ful; that it can decide nothing except by Scriptures. The 22d rejects the doc- trine of purgatory, indulgences, the ado- ration of images, and the invocation of saints. The 23d decides that only those lawfully called shall preach or administer the sacraments. The 24th requires the liturgy to be in English. The 25th and 26th declare the sacraments effectual signs of grace (though administered by evil men), by which God excites and con- firms our faith. They are two: baptism and the Lord's Supper. Baptism, accord- ing to the 27th article, is a sign of regen- eration, the seal of our adoption, by which faith is confirmed and grace in- creased. In the Lord's Supper, accord- ing to article 28th, the bread is the com- munion of the Body of Christ, the wine the communion of His Blood, but only through faith (article 29) ; and the com- munion must be administered in both kinds (article 30). The 28th article con- demns the doctrine of transubstantia- tion, and the elevation and adoration of the Host; the 31st rejects the sacrifice of the mass as blasphemous; the 32d permits the marriage of the clergy; the 33d maintains the efficacy of excommuni- cation. The remaining articles relate to the supremacy of the king, the condem- nation of Anabaptists, etc. They were ratified anew in 1604 and 1628. All can- didates for ordination must subscribe these articles. ARTICULATA, Cuvier's name for the third great division or sub-kingdom of animals. The species so designated have their bodies divided into rings, with the muscles attached to their interior. Their nervous system consists of two cords ex- tending along the under part of their body, and swelled out at regular intervals into knots or ganglia. One of these is the brain, which is not much larger than the other ganglia. ARTICULATION, in anatomy, a joint; the joining or junction of the bones. This is of three kinds: (1) Diarthrosis, or a movable connection, such as the ball-and- socket joint; (2) Synarthrosis, immov- able connection, as by suture, or junc- tion by serrated margins; (3) Sym- physis, or union by means of another substance, by a cartilage, tendon, or lig*- ament.