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LEFT ARMIES OF THE WORLD 259 ARMINIANISM facturing center of Lille. Its population previous to the outbreak of the World War was 28,620. It had important in- dustries in woolen cloth, linen, calicoes, Jace, thread, sugar, and tobacco. Brick- making was extensively carried on. Ar- mentieres was occupied by the Germans in the course of their first invasion in 1914, and all through the conflict it was in the zone of the fighting. It was the scene of terrific conflicts during the re- treat of the British in the great German drive in the spring of 1918. When at leng^th the tide of battle turned and the Germans were driven back in defeat, the town was a desolate and ghastly ruin. ARMIES OF THE WORLD. The con- dition of the great powers following the World War wrought an entirely differ- ent status in the composition and forma- tion of their armies. While there was a strong effort to incorporate in the cov- enant of the League of Nations provi- sions providing for practical disarma- ment, it was found impossible to bring about this result, and the victorious na- tions were left practically free to raise and equip armies, although the general principle was enunciated that the League had some sort of control which would prevent the creation of armies beyond the size required for national protec- tion. The composition and organization of the army of the United States is de- scribed under the title Military Organi- zation OF THE United States. Follow- ing the close of hostilities the army of Great Britain was demobilized until it reached about 1,200,000 men, which in- cluded about 200,000 volunteer regulars. These were distributed in Germany, India, and in the various British pos- sessions. Following the ratification of peace, the army of the Rhine was re- duced from ten to two divisions. The total reductions were about 600,000. The regular army of Great Britain was then composed of about 250,000 men. It was stated by British war officials that the size of the army would remain practi- cally the same as before the begrinning of the World War. By the terms of the Treaty of Peace, the strength of the German army was established at a maximum of 100,000 men. Disturbances in Germany, how- ever, in 1919 and 1920 called for a much larger military establishment. This was made up of various reserve forces, some of which were used as police in the vari- ous cities. It was estimated on Jan. 1, 1920, that the German armed forces amounted to nearly 1,000,000 men, com- 18— Vol. I— Cyc posed of 400,000 regulars, 12,000 troops of the navy, 50,000 armed constabulary, from 150,000 to 200,000 temporary volun- teers, and from 300,000 to 400,000 civic guards. See Germany. While universal service was still main- tained in France following the World War, its burdens were considerably lifted. It was proposed to reduce the army to a strength of 350,000 men, of whom 200,- 000 were men doing compulsory service, 50,000 long-service men, 50,000 colonial troops, and 50,000 commissioned and non-commissioned officers. Conditions in Germany and in other parts of Europe made it impossible to carry out this plan in 1920, so that a much larger force was maintained during that year than was provided for by these plans. From the conditions in Russia prevail- ing in 1919 and 1920 it was impossible to arrive at any satisfactory estimate as to the size or composition of its armies. In Austria the army had practically ceased to exist. In the other countries of Europe the unsettled conditions made it necessary to maintain comparatively large armies. This was especially true in Poland, where active hostilities were carried on with Russia, and, in Italy, where disturbances threatened on ac- count of the difficulties in settling the boundaries. The composition and strength of the armies in the other important countries of the world will be found in the articles on those countries. ARMILLARY SPHERE, an astro- nomical instrument consisting of an ar- rangement of rings, all circles of one sphere, intended to represent the princi- pal circles of the celestial globe, the rings standing for the meridian of the station, the ecliptic, the tropics, the Arctic and the Antarctic circles, etc., in their relative positions. Its main use is to give a representation of the apparent motions of the solar system. ARMINIANISM, the doctrine of Ar- minius, a Protestant divine, who main- tained that God had predestinated the salvation or condemnation of individuals only from having foreseen who would and who would not accept of offered mercy. After the death of Arminius his followers rapidly increased, and were vehemently attacked by the Calvinists. In 1610, they addressed a petition to the states of Holland for protection, from which they got the name of Remon- strants. The Calvinists put forth a counter remonstrance, and, in 1614, the states issued an edict granting full tol- eration to both parties. This displeased the Calvinists, who continued their per-