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LEFT ABGYLL 245 ABIAN propriate name to give to a vigilant watch dog. (2) In zoology, a genus of birds of the family phasianidx, and the sub-family phasianinss. It contains the argus, or argus pheasant (argus giganteus). The male measures between five and six feet from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail, and is an eminently beautiful bird, the quill-feathers of the wings, which often exceed three feet in length, being ornamented all along by a series of ocellated spots. The name Shetland argus is given to a starfish (astrop%^o?i scutatum). It is called also the basket urchin or sea basket. ARGYLL, CAMPBELLS OF, a historic Scottish family, raised to the peerage in the person of Sir Duncan Campbell of Lochow, in 1445. The more eminent members are: Archibald, second Earl, killed at the battle of Flodden, 1513. Archibald, fifth Earl, attached himself to the party of Mary of Guise, and was the means of averting a collision between the Reformers and the French troops in 1559; died 1575. Archibald, eighth Earl and Marquis, born 1598; a zealous parti- san of the Covenanters. It was by his persuasion that Charles II. visited Scot- land, and was crowned at Scone in 1651. At the Restoration he was committed to the Tower, and beheaded in 1661. Archibald, ninth Earl, son of the pre- ceding, served the King with great brav- ery at the battle of Dunbar, and was ex- cluded from the general pardon by Cromwell in 1654. On the nassing of the Test Act in 1681 he refused to cake the required oath. For this he was tried and sentenced to death. He, however, escaped to Holland, from whence he re- turned with a view of aiding the Duke of Monmouth. His plan, however, failed, and he was taken and conveyed to Edin- burgh, where he was beheaded in 1685. Archibald, tenth Earl and first Duke, son of the preceding, died 1703; took an active part in the Revolution of 1688- 1689, which placed William and Mary on the throne, and was rewarded by several important appointments and the title of Duke. John, second Duke and Duke of Greenwich, son of the above, born 1678, died 1743; served under Marlborough at the battles of Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, and assisted at the sieges of Lille and Ghent. He incurred consider- able odium in his own country for his efforts in promoting the union. In 1712 he had the military command in Scot- land, and, in 1715, he fought with the Earl of Mar's army at Sheriffmuir, near Dunblane, and forced the Pretender to quit the kingdom. George Douglass Campbell, eighth Duke, Baron Sund- ridge and Hamilton, was born in 1823. He early took a part in politics, especially in discussions regarding the Presby- terian Church of Scotland. In 1852 he became Lord Privy Seal under Lord Aberdeen, and again under Lord Pal- merston, in 1859; Postmaster-General in 1860; Secretary for India from 1868 to 1874; again Lord Privy Seal in 1880, but retired, being unable to agree with his colleagues on their Irish policy. He was author of "The Reign of Law," "Scotland as It Was and as It Is," etc. He died April 24, 1900. His eldest son, as Marquis of Lorne, married the Prin- cess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, in 1871. He succeeded as ninth duke in 1900, and died in 1914. ABGYLLSHIRE, a county in the west midland division of Scotland. It has an area of 3,232 square miles, of which over 600 are islands. It has an extensive coast line amounting to 2,300 miles. Sheep grazing is the principal industry. The land does not lend itself generally to agriculture. Mining and quarrying are carried on to some extent. The capi- tal is Inverary. Other important towns are Campbelton, Oban, and Tarbert. Pop. about 70,000. ARIADNE (ar-e-ad'ne), a daughter of Minos, King of Crete, who, falling in love with Theseus, then shut up by her father in the labyrinth, gave him a clue by which he threaded his way out. After- ward she was the wife of Bacchus, who gave her a crown, which ultimately be- came a constellation called by her name. Also an asteroid, the 43d found; discov- ered by Pogson, on April 15, 1857. ARIAN, a follower of Arius, Presbyter of Alexandria in the 4th century A. D., or one holding the system of doctrine associated with his name. During the first three centuries of the Christian era, what was subsequently called the doc- trine of the Trinity had become the sub- ject of controversy, chiefly in one direc- tion; it had been decided against Sabel- lius that there are in the Godhead three distinct persons, whereas Sabellius had in effect reduced the three to one. In the year 317, Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria, having publicly expressed his opinion that the Son of God is not only of the same dignity as the Father, but of the same essence (in Greek, oMsm), Arius, one of the Presbjrters, considered this view as leaning too much to Sabellianism, and, rushing to the other extreme, he declared that the Son of God was only the first and noblest of created beings, and though the uni- verse had been brought into existence through His instrumentality by the