Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 01.djvu/247

LEFT ANTIPATER 195 ANTIPOPE narrow strait, and has an area of 10 square miles, and about 500 inhabitants. Its grotto is not alluded to by any Greek or Roman writer, but has been well known since 1673. At a depth of 918 feet under the entrance the chief chamber is reached. It is 31 feet long, 98 wide, and 82 high, and is covered everywhere with the most wonderful stalactite and stalagmite formations. ANTIPATER (an-tip'a-ter), a general and friend of Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great. On the death of Alexander, in 323 B. C, the regency of Macedonia was assigned to Antipater, who succeeded in establishing the Mace- donian rule in Greece on a firm footing. He died in B. C. 317, at an advanced age, ANTIPATER, procurator of Judea for the Romans from 47 to 43 B. C. He re- ceived the appointment from Julius Caesar; and died from poison in the last mentioned year. He was the father of Herod the Great, ANTIPATHY, a special dislike ex- hibited by individuals to particular ob- jects or persons, usually resulting from physical or nervous organization. An antipathy is often an unaccountable re- pugnance to what people in general regard with no particular dislike, as cer- tain sounds, smells, articles of food, etc. ANTIPHLOGISTIC (an-te-flo-jis'tik) , a term applied to medicines or methods of treatment that are intended to coun- teract inflammation. ANTIPHONY, opposition or contra- riety of sound; also the alternate chant- ing or singing in a cathedral, or simi- lar service by the choir, divided into two parts for the purpose, and usually sit- ting upon opposite sides. It is sometimes used also when the parts are repeated instead of sung. Antiphony differs from symphony, for in the latter case the whole choir sing the same part. It also differs from responsorium, in which the verse is spoken or sung by only one per- son instead of many. ANTIPODES (an-tip'o-dez), the name given relatively to the people or places on opposite sides of the earth. ANTIPODES ISLANDS, a group of small uninhabited islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about 460 miles S. E. of New Zealand ; so called from being nearly antipodal to Greenwich, England. ANTIPOPE, a pontiff elected in oppo- sition to one canonically chosen. The first antipopes were Felix, during the pontificate of Liberius (352-366) ; Ursi- nus, against Damascus (366-384) ; and 14— Vol. I— Cyo Laurentius, against Symmachus (498- 514). During the Middle Ages several emperors of Germany set up popes against those whom the Romans had elected without consulting them. Otho the Great displaced successively two Bishops of Rome; and when the rival Pope, Sylvester III., had expelled the simoniacal and profligate Benedict IX. (1033-1045), the latter was brought back by the German King, and soon afterward sold his dignity to Gregory VI. There were now, consequently, three popes, but their claims were all set aside at a coun- cil convened at Sutri by the Emperor, Henry III., and a new Pope elected as Clement II. in 1046. Shortly after. Pope Alexander II. found a rival in Honorius II., the nominee of the Emperor; but his claim was ratified at a council convened at Mantua. In 1080 the same unseemly spectacle was witnessed, when the Em- peror, Henry IV., elevated to the papal chair Guibert of Ravenna, under the title of Clement III., in opposition to his own implacable adversary, Gregory VII. But after the death of Gregory (1085), Clem- ent was himself opposed successively by Victor III. (1086-1088) and Urban II, (1088-1099). Innocent II. (1130-1143) triumphed over the Antipope Anacletus II. by the help of St. Bernard; and Alex- ander III., during his pontificate (1159- 1181), had to contend with no fewer than four successive antipopes, the election of only one of whom, however, Victor V., in 1159, has any canonical validity. After only one of whom, however, Victor V., in 1305, and four years later he transferred his seat to Avignon, where his succes- sors reigned for nearly 70 years, losing the while, by their subjection to French influences, the sympathies of Germany and England. The election of Urban VI. in 1378 occasioned "the great schism of the West," which divided the Church for 50 years. He was elected by the Romans, who demanded an Italian Pope after the death of Gregory XI. The French cardi- nals, then a majority in the curia, on the plea that they had elected the Pope only under intimidation, withdrew to Provence, and elected a new Pope under the name of Clement VII., who was rec- ognized by France, Spain, Savoy, and Scotland; while Italy, Germany, England, and the whole North of Europe, sup- ported Urban VI. For 38 years Chris- tian Europe was scandalized by the spec- tacle of two Popes, one at Geneva, an- other at Rome, in turn hurling the most awful anathemas of the Church at each other, like "two dogs snarling over a bone," in Wyclif's phrase. At the begin- ning of the 15th century, an attempt was made to prevail on both the rivals.