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LEFT ANGOULEME 180 ANIMAL guerite of Navarre. There are manufac- tures of machinery, paper, and wire, and a brisk trade in brandy. Pop. about 40,000. ANGOULEME, LOUIS ANTOINE DE BOURBON, DUG D', the eldest son of Charles X. of France, and Dauphin during his father's reign, born at Ver- sailles, Aug. 6, 1775. At the Revolution he retired from France with his father, and after abortive military operations at the head of a body of French emigres in 1792, lived with the royal exiles on the Continent, and later in England. In 1799 he married his cousin, Marie Therese, the only daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. Louis XVIIL ap- pointed him lieutenant-general of the kingdom; and, when Napoleon returned from Elba, he made a weak attempt to oppose him, but, deserted by his troops, was forced to surrender. In 1823 he led the French army of invasion into Spain. On the revolution in July, 1830, he signed, with his father, an abdication in favor of his nephew, the Due de Bor- deaux; and when the Chambers declared the family of Charles X. to have for- feited the throne, he accompanied him into exile, to Holyrood, to Prague, and to Gorz, where he died June 3, 1844. ANGRA, the capital of the Azores, a seaport at the head of a deep bay on the S. coast of the island of Terceira. It is a station for ships between Portugal and Brazil and the East Indies. It is the seat of the governor-general and of a bishop; has fine churches, and is strong- ly fortified. Pop. about 12,000. There is a considerable export of wine, cheese, honey, and flax. ANGRA-PEQUENA (an'gra-pe-ka'- na), a bay on the S. W. coast of Africa. It gives name to the southern littoral of Great Namaqualand, extending 200 miles from 26° S. lat. to the Orange river, or Cape Colony, and reaching 90 miles in- land. In 1883 Angra-Pequefia was ceded by a Namaqua chieftain to Liideritz, a Bremen merchant; and next year it was taken under German protection, with all the coast to the N. as far as Cape Frio, except Walfisch Bay, which belongs to England. It formed the beginning of what later became German Southwest Africa. The Germans called it Liideritz Bay and the surrounding country Liider- itzland. Together with the rest of Ger- man Southwest Africa the Union of South Africa, by the decision of the Peace Conference of May 7, 1919, as- sumed a mandate over this former Ger- man possession. During the World War it had been one of the landing points for the forces sent from the Union of South Africa to invade German South- west Africa. ANHALT, a former duchy of north Germany, almost surrounded by Prussia; area 888 square miles. All sorts of grain, wheat especially, are grown in abundance; also, flax, rape, potatoes, to- bacco, hops, and fruit. The inhabitants are principally occupied in agriculture, though there are some iron works and manufactures of woolens, linens, beet- sugar, tobacco, etc. The former Dukes of Anhalt trace their origin to Bernard (1170-1212), son of Albert the Bear. In common with the other German states, Anhalt, in November, 1918, was declared a republic. Pop. about 350,000. The chief towns are Dessau (pop. about 60,000), Bernburg (pop. about 35,000), Kothen, and Zerbst. ANHYDRIDE, or anhydrous acid, a chemical substance formed by the sub- stitution of an acid radical for the whole of the hydrogen in one or two molecules of water. By the action of water they are converted into acids. ANHYDRITE, an anhydrous calcium sulphate, classed by Dana under his celestite group. It is divided by Dana into Var. 1. Ordinary: (a) crystallized; (b) fibrous; (c) fine granular; (d) scaly granular, under which is ranked vulpin- ite. Var. 2. Pseudomorphous. It occurs in various parts of Europe and in North America. ANI, the name given to the birds be- longing to the genus crotophaga, and in- deed to those ranked under the sub-fam- ily CrotophagmcB, a division of the Cu- culidae, or cuckoos; the typical anis, those of the genus crotophagse, are found in South America, the West Indies and Florida. They are about the size of our blackbird. ANILINE. See Dyeing. ANIMAL, an organized and sentient living being. Life in the earlier periods of natural history was attributed almost exclusively to animals. With the prog ress of science, however, it was extended to plants. In the case of the higher ani- mals and plants there is no difficulty in assigning the individual to one of the two great kingdoms of organic nature, but in their lowest manifestations, the vegetable and animal _ kingdoms are brought into such immediate contact that it becomes almost impossible to assign them precise limits, and to say with cer- tainty where the one begins and the other ends.