Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 01.djvu/228

LEFT ANGLO-JAPANESE TREATY 178 ANGLO-PERSIAN TREATY The hook, of finely tempered steel, should readily bend without breaking, and yet retain a sharp point. It should be long in the shank and deep in the bend; the point straight and true to the level of the shank; and the barb long. Floats formed of cork, goose and swan quills, etc., are often used to buoy up the hook so that it may float clear of the bottom. For heavy fish or strong streams a cork float is used; in slow water and for lighter fish quill floats. Baits may consist of a great variety of materials, natural or artificial. The artificial flies so much used in angling for trout and salmon are composed of hairs, furs and wools, of every variety, mingled with pieces of feathers, and se- cured together by plated wire, or gold and silver thread, marking silk, wax, etc. Artificial minnows, or other small fish, are also used by way of bait, and are so contrived as to spin rapidly when drawn through the water in order to attract the notice of the fish angled for. ANGLO-JAPANESE TREATY, an agreement entered into by England and Japan, Jan. 30, 1902. Its primary object was the safeguarding of the interests of both nations in China and Korea. The unquestioned military primacy of Japan in Asia, together with her close prox- imity to China and Korea, combined with British naval strength, made the alliance a powerful one. It was declared in the treaty that neither of the contracting powers was influenced by any designs of aggression in the countries named, and it was promised that equal opportunities should exist in China and Korea to carry on commerce with all nations. The pe- culiar interests of Japan in Korea were emphasized, and aid was promised by each nation to the other in the event of disorders arising, or if aggressive action should be taken by any other power in the countries named, and the contracting parties agreed to make war and conclude peace in common. On Aug. 12, 1905, a new treaty was signed at London that superseded the earlier one. Nothing in the first treaty was abrogated, but an additional pact was made that the sphere of mutual ac- tion and support should include the re- gions of eastern Asia and of India. The effect of this superseding treaty was to maintain the status quo in practically all parts of Asia, with the exception of Turkey. The treaty was to run for a period of ten years and could be abro- gated before the expiration of its term by either nation, on a year's notice to the other. The treaty in general was not objected to by other nations, with the possible exception of Russia, whose designs against Afghanistan and India, if they existed, the treaty was evidently intended to thwart. This treaty was re- newed for 10 years on July 13, 1911, at which time, at the demand of Great Britain, a clause was added providing that neither of the two parties was to be forced to go to war with any other power with whom either of the two contracting parties might have concluded a treaty of general arbitration. The Anglo-Jap- anese treaty was one of the reasons why Japan eventually entered the World War on the side of the Allies. ANGLO-PERSIAN TREATY, an agreement entered into Aug. 9, 1919, at Teheran, capital of Persia, between Great Britain and Persia in regard to the fu- ture relation of the two countries. The text of the documents was published in England on Aug. 16. There were two main features of the instrument: one was an agreement on the part of Great Britain to furnish, at Persia's expense, military officers, munitions, and equip- ment for an army that should maintain order in Persia and on her frontiers. The second offered a loan to Persia of £2,000,000, which was to be redeemable in 20 years and take priority over all other debts, except a previous loan for a smaller amount. The loan was to bear interest at 7 per cent., and as collateral Persia pledged her customs receipts. Ac- companying the agreement, and practi- cally a part of it, were letters from the British representative offering to aid Persia in recovering her war claims, and in the adjustment of her boundaries. Considerable criticism arose in other countries as soon as the terms of the agreement were made known. The treaty was strongly attacked in the French press, which claimed that Great Britain had obtained a virtual protectorate over Persia. It was pointed out that the treaty had been concluded without first having been submitted to the League of Nations. It was alleged that Persian sovereignty had been practically de- stroyed. In commercial circles the agreement was looked at askance as an attempt to assure British control over the Persian oil fields and other great natural resources. British officials, how- ever, asserted that Persian independence was not jeopardized by the agreement, and denied any purpose of creating a protectorate. The Persian Foreign Min- ister, speaking in behalf of his govern- ment, declared that the independence of Persia was not imperilled by the agree- ment, and that it gave Great Britain no permanent rights or monopolies.