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 book was entitled "Aloedarium," and it described in loving detail each of the nine ingredients of what is supposed to have been the lineal ancestor of our modern compound rhubarb pill. The components were:—

Aloes 3 ounces, Marum (herb mastic), and Saffron, of each 3 scruples, Agaric, Costus, and Myrrh, of each 3 half-drachms, Ammoniacum, 3 drachms, Rhubarb, 3 two-drachms (vi), and Lign Aloes, 3 half-scruples. These drugs were each separately macerated in appropriate liquids, the aloes in rose water, the myrrh in rue vinegar, and so forth. Mindererus recommended these pills not so much as a purgative, but as a general tonic, especially useful to strong, fair, well-fed persons.

Following Minderer's book, and indeed slavishly copying it, came a treatise by Dr. William Marcquis of Antwerp, entitled "Aloe Morbifuga." The only notable feature of this work is that its author is clear about the importance of that part of the aloes which is soluble in water as the constituent of the drug in which the purgative properties reside. He was, in fact, the originator of our aqueous extract of aloes.

The supposed identity of the Palma Christi tree, from the seeds of which castor oil is obtained, with the Hebrew "kikaion" is mentioned in the note on Jonah's "gourd" in the section "Pharmacy in the Bible." It is not doubtful that the plant was the same as the "kiki" of Herodotus, and the "kiki" or "kroton" of Dioscorides. Avicenna quotes a reference to the seeds from Dioscorides, from which, he says, is pressed the oil of kiki "which is