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 the medical school of Salerno actually existed until 1811, when it was dissolved by a decree of Napoleon I.

As evidence of the monopoly of Avicenna in the medical schools of Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and doubtless for a long period previously, the following from the preface to a Latin translation of the works of Paulus Egineta is quoted by Leclerc:—

Avicenna, who is regarded as the Prince and most excellent of all physicians, is read and expounded in all the schools; and the ninth book of Rhazes, physician to the Caliph Almansor, is similarly read and commented on. These are believed to teach the whole art of healing. A few later writers, such as Betruchius, Gatinaria, Guaynerius, and Valescus, are occasionally cited, and now and then Hippocrates, Galen, and Dioscorides are quoted, but all the other Greek writers are unknown. The Latin translations of a few of the books of Galen and Hippocrates which are in use are very corrupt and barbarous, and are only admitted at the pleasure of the Arabian Princes, and this favour is but rarely conceded.

The most notable event in the history of pharmacy after the earlier Crusades was an edict regulating the practice of both medicine and pharmacy issued by Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily. This monarch, probably the ablest ruler in the Middle Ages, who died in 1250, had great esteem for Arab learning. Mohammedans and Jews were encouraged to come to Naples during his reign, and he facilitated by all means in his power the introduction of such innovations as had been acquired from Cordova and Bagdad.

The edict referred to mentions "apotheca," meaning thereby only the warehouses where prepared medicines were stored. Those who compounded the medicines were termed "confectionarii," the places or shops where they were sold were called "stationes," and the persons