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260 extensive. Jewish literature begins with Mendelssohn to have an independent life of its own, a life of the spirit, which cannot be altogether controlled by the tribulations of material life. A physical Ghetto may once more be imposed on the Jews from without; an intellectual Ghetto imposed from within is hardly conceivable. Tolerance gave the modern spirit to Jewish literature, but intolerance cannot withdraw it.


 * Graetz.—V, 8.
 * Karpeles—Sketch of Jewish History, p. 93; Jewish Literature and other Essays, p. 293.
 * English translations of Phedo, Jerusalem, and of the Introduction to the Pentateuch (Hebrew Review. Vol. 1).
 * Other translations of Jerusalem were made by M. Samuels (London, 1838) and by Isaac Leeser, the latter published as a supplement to the Occident, Philadelphia, 5612.


 * Graetz.—V, 10.