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Rh Only twice more are they mentioned in the Chuen. In Chaou’s 9th year, on occasion of a dispute between Chow and Tsin, the representative of the royal court says boastfully that, when Woo subdued Shang, Pa, the Puh, Ts‘oo, and Tăng were the territories of the kingdom in the south; and in his 19th year, we have Ts‘oo preparing a naval expedition against the Puh. What became of them afterwards I have not been able to ascertain.

[iv.] Pa in the time of the Ch‘un-Ts‘ëw appears as a State ruled by viscounts of the surname Ke. It has left its name in the present district of Pa, department Chung-k‘ing, Sze-ch‘uen. In the Chuen on the 9th year of duke Hwan, we find it in good relations with Ts‘oo, and co-operating with that State in the siege of Yëw, a city in the present department of Yun-yang, Hoo-pih. Under the 18th year of duke Chwang, Tso tells us that Pa then revolted from Ts‘oo, and invaded it, its army advancing even to attack Ts‘oo’s capital. The only other mention of it is in the text of Wăn’s 18th year, in connexion with the rising of the southern tribes against Ts‘oo, when, as has been stated above, Pa and Ts‘in came to the assistance of the latter. In the time of the Warring States, Pa fell to the share of Ts‘in.

I have thus gathered up into as brief space as possible the information that we derive from the Ch‘un Ts‘ëw and Tso about the rude and uncivilized or semi-civilized tribes that infested the kingdom of Chow or surrounded it. The strongest impression which I receive from the review is one of grave doubt as to most of what we are told about the previous dynasties of Shang and Hëa. Is it possible that they could have held the territory occupied by the States of Chow for a thousand years before the rise of king Woo, and that we should find it, five and six centuries after his time, in the condition which is revealed to us by the sage and his commentator? I do not think so. We have seen that the China of Chow was a small affair; that of Shang and Hëa must have been much smaller;—extending not so far towards the sea on the east, and to a smaller distance north and south of the Yellow river. It was evidently, however, in the plan of Providence that by the Chinese race all the other tribes in the space now included in China proper should be first broken to pieces and stript of their individualities, and then welded as into one homogeneous nation. Its superior culture and capabilities fitted it for this task; and the process went on very gradually, and with many disturbances and interruptions, frequently with 'hideous ruin and combustion.' 133]