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Rh depends the preservation or the ruin of a country;—and you have been seeking to do away with them. Your scheme is a delusion, and there could be no greater offence than to lead the States astray by it. And not content with having escaped punishment, you have sought for rewardl" With this he cut the document in pieces and cast it away, while Seuh submitted, and made no further claim to the grant which had been assigned to him.

So ended the first attempt which was made in the World to put an end to war on principles of expediency and by political arrangements. It was a delusion and proved a failure; but there must have been a deep and wide-spread feeling of the miseries which it was intended to remove, to secure for it its temporary acceptance. Though a delusion it was, it was a brilliant one. Though Seuh was a dreamer, I have thought that his name should have prominent mention given to it. More than two thousand years have elapsed since his time; Christianity, calling to universal ‘peace on earth,’ has come into the ﬁeld; and under its auspices nations unheard of, it may be said unborn, in the era of the Ch‘un Ts‘ëw, have attained a wondrous growth, with appliances of science and a development commerce, which were then all unknown:—and is it still a delusion to hope for arrangements which will obviate the necessity of a recurrence to ‘the last resort,’ the appeal to the force of arms?

6. Of the wild tribes which infested the territory of China proper during the Ch‘un Ts‘ëw period, and surrounded it on every side, it is impossible to give an entirely satisfactory account. After we have gathered up the information supplied by Confucius and the Commentary of Tso, there occur questions connected with them to which we do not find any reply.

In the Shoo V. ii., at the final struggle of king Woo with the last king of Shang; we find ‘the Yung, the Shuh, the Këang, the Maou, the Wei, the Loo, the P‘ăng, and the Puh,’ eight tribes from the southwest, having their seats mostly in the present provinces of Sze-ch‘uen and Hoo-pih, all assisting the former. As most of them appear during the Ch‘un Ts‘ëw period, occupying the same locations, the probability is, that, when Shang was subdued, they received their share of the spoils, and returned to their fastnesses. Some honours and titles may have been conferred, besides, on their chiefs by Woo, but it does not appear that they acknowledged any allegiance to the House of Chow. If they did, we may be sure it was nothing more than nominal.

The wild tribes are generally divided into four classes, called by different names, according to their situation relative to the Middle 122]