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MASONET

1862 to 1675 he lived in England, as domeetic chap- lain to Lord Arundell of Waidour, after which period he retired to the convent at Douai to prepare for death.

Father Angelus displayed, in the course of his long, and otherwise busy, rehgious life, a remarkable in- dustry in both original comoosition and the com- pilation of devotional manuals. The latter include nis *' Manuale Tertii Ordinis S. Francisci ", with a com- meniATy on the Rule, and meditations (Douai, 1643), "The Kule of Penance of the Seraphical Father St. Francis'' (Douai, 1644); '^Sacrarium privilegiorum quorundam Seraphico P. S. Francisco. . . indulto- rum" (Douai, 1636). Among his historical writings are "Certamen Seraphicum Provincise Anglis pro Sancta Dei Ecclesia (Douai, 1649), a review of dis- tinguished English Franciscan martyrs and polemical writers, and Apologia pro Scoto Anglo (Douai, 1656). — ^The last-named work has for its main scope the establishment, against Colgan, of the thesis that the great Franciscan philosopher. Duns Scotus. was not an Irishman, but an Englishman : it may be tairlv inferred that its author, if he himself was of Irisn descent, was not fully conscious of the fact. — His '^Liturgical Discourse of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass" (8. 1., 1670, dedicated to Henry, Lord Arundell of Wardour, "Master of the Horse to oiu* late Queen Mother Henrietta Maria *'), was abridged in the " Holy Altar and Sacrifice Explained" which Father Pacifi- cus Baker. O. S. F., published at the request of Bishop James Talbot (London, 1768).

GiLLOW, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath.: Harris, Ware*8 WriUra of Ireland, 336; Ouykr, Collections (tiondon, 1845), 193, 229, 541. 554, 568; Waddino, Script. Ord. Minor.

E. Macpherson.

MaBonzy (Freemasonry). — ^The subject is treated under the following heads: I. Name and Definition; II. Origin and Early History; III. Fundamental Prin- ciples and Spirit; IV. Propagation and Evolution; V. Organization and Statistics ; VI. Inner Work; VII. Outer Work; VIII. Action of State and Church.

The following are the abbreviations of masonic terms used in this article: — Fy, Fs, My, Ms, Mn, mas.= FVeemasonrv, Freemasons, !« reemason, Masonry, ma- sonic, etc; L., Ls., GL, GLs, GO, GOs, Supr. Counc, GBs=LfOdge, Lodges, Grand Lodge, Gr. Orient, Supreme Coimcil, Gr. Bodies, etc. — GM, GC.,= Grand- master, Grand Commander.

Abbreviations of more frequently quoted books and magazines: K.= Keystone (Philadelphia). V= " Voice cS Masonry ", later on : " Masonic Voice and Re- view" (Chicago). Chr.=" Freemason's Chronicle" (London); A. Q. C.="Ars Quatuor Coronatorum". Transactions (London), the best scientific mas. maga- zine; Bauh.=Bauh(itte; Sign.="Signale filr die deut- sche Maurerwelt" (Leipzig); Enc, Cycl., Handb.= Encyclopedia, " Allgemeines Handbuch der Freimau- rerei" (Universal Manual of Freemasonry) Leipzig. This latter German encyclopedia, in its three editions, quite different from each other, but all of them con- taining valuable and accurate information, is consid- erecT even by English and American masonic criticism (A. Q. C, Al, 1898, 64) as far and away the best ma- sonic ency^clopedia ever pubhshed.

Abbreviation of name of author: 01.= Oliver.

Key to numbers: An Arabic number after the name of an author of several works indicates the work marked with the same number in the bibliography closing the article.

Other numbers are to be judged according to the general rules maintained throughout the Enctclo-

PBDIA.

I. Nabcb and Definition. — Leaving aside various fanciful derivations we may trace the word mason to the French mofon (Latin matio or mackio), "& builder of walls" or "a stone-cutter" (cf. German SteinmeU, ttOBk mMaenf " to out" ; and Dutch vrijmeUelaar), The

compound term Freemason occurs first in 1375 — aO" cording to a recently found writing, even prior to 1155 (The Freemason^s Chronicle, 1908, 1, 283, frequently refeired to in this article as Chr.) — ^and, contrary to Gould (Concise Hist., 109, 122), means primarily a mason of superior skill, though later it also designated one who enjoyed the freedom, or the privilege, of a trade guUd (Gould, "Hist.", I, 378, 379, 410; II, 153 sqq.). In the former sense it is commonly derived from freestone-maaony a mason hewiujg or building in free (ornamental) stone in opposition to a rough (stone) mason (A. Q. C, VIII, 35, 155 sq. ; Boos, 104 sqq.). This derivation, though harmonizing with the meaning of the term, seemed unsatisfactory to some scholars. Hence Speth proposed to interpret the word freemasons as referring t^ those masons claiming exemption from the control of the local guilds of the towns, where they temporarily settled (A. Q. C, X, 10-30; IX, 167). In accordance with this suggestion the '' New English Dictionary of the Philological So- ciety" (Oxfora, 1898) favours the interpretation of freemasons as skilled artisans, emancipated according to the medieval practice from the restrictions and control of local guilds in order that they might be able to travel and render services, wherever any great building (cathedral, etc.) was in process of construo- tion. These freemasons formed a universal craft for themselves, with a system of secret signs and pass- words by which a craftsman, who had been admitted on givii^ evidence of competent skill, coidd be recog- nized. On the decline of Gothic architecture this craJt coalesced with the mason guilds (A. Q. C, XI, 166--' 168).

Quite recently W. Bepemann ( Voigeschichte, 1, 1909, 42-58) combats the opmion of Speth (A. Q. C, X, 20- 22) as purely hypotnetical, stating that the name freemason originally designated particularly skilled freestone-masons, needed at the time of the most mag- nificent evolution of Gothic architecture, and nothine else. In English law the word freemason is fint mentioned in 1495, -wYnXe frank-mason occurs already in an Act of 1444-1445 (Gould, "Concise History '\ 166 sq.). Later, freemason and mason were usea as convertible terms. The modern signification of Freemasonry in which, since about 1750, the won! has been universally and exclusively understood, dates only from the constitution of the Grand Lodge of Eng- land, 1717. In this acceptation Freemasonry, according to the ofl&cial English, Scottish, American, etc., craft rituals, is most generally defined: ''A peculiar [some say "particular" or 'beautiful"] system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by sym- bols." Mackey (Symlx)lism of Freemasonry, 1869, 303) declares the best definition of Freemasonry to be: "A science which is engaged in the search after the divine truth." The German encyclopedia of Free- masonry, "Handbuch" (1900, I, 320 sq.), defines Freemasonry as "the activity of closely united men who, employing symbolical forms borrowed princi- pally from the mason's trade and from architecture, work for the welfare of mankind, striving morally to ennoble themselves and others and thereby to bring about a universal league of mankind [Aienschheiia' bund], which they aspire to exhibit even now on a small scale". The three editions which this "Hand- buch" (Universal Manual of Freemasonry) has had since 1822 arc most valuable, the work faiaving been declared by English-speaking Masonic critics 'M3y far the best Masonic Encyclopedia ever published" [" Transactions of the Lodge Ars Quatuor Coronato- rum", XI (London, 1898), 64).

II. Origin and Early History. — Before entering upon this and the following divisions of our subject it is necessary to premise that the very nature of Freema- sonry as a secret society makes it difficult to be sure even of its reputed documents and authorities, and therefore we have consulted only those whk^ are acknowledged