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 BIAEYLAKD 760 ICAEtLAMD

might in its discretion lay a general and equal tax for limits of the country. (See Baltimore, Arctidio-

the support of the Christian religion, leaving to each in- cme of ; Carroll, John .)

dividual taxpayer the right to designate to what partic- In the War of 1812 with England, a number of locali-

ular place of worship or to what particular mmister ties suffered from the attacks of the British fleet. The

his portion of the tax should be applied. By this bombardment of FortMcHenry, Baltimore, 13 »Sept.,

article also the churches, chapels, parsonages, and 1814, was the occasion of the composition of the

glebe lands of the Church of England in the province National anthem, "The Star-Spangled- Bamicr".

were secured to that Church forever. It further pro- On 12 Sept., 1814, the Maryland troops under General

vided that all Acts of the General Assembly passed for Strieker checked the British forces commanded by

collecting money for building or repairing of churches General Ross at the Battle of North Point. This

or chapeb (that is for the Protestant Episcopal Church) victory saved the Republic from being cut in two by

shall continue in force until repealed by the l^islature. the British and resulted in the Treaty of Ghent, which

This article, adopted in 1776, fell far short of that full was signed on 2 December, 1814. The defeat and

and just measure of relieious freedom announced a death of General Ross at the Battle of North Point

century and a half before oyCeciliusCaKert in his in- was a vital moment in the history of the United

structions to Governor Leonard Calvert and the Toler- States. During the Civil War, 1861-65, as a border

ation Act of 1649. It remained on the statutes until state Maryland had many citizens who favoured se-

the first Congress of the United States passed its first cession. In October, 1864, a new constitution abol-

amendment, to the effect that ** Congress shall make ished slavery and disfranchised all who had aided the

no laws respecting the establishment of religion or rebellion against the United States,

prohibiting the free exercise thereof ". Education. — The percentage of illiterate nati\'e

The success of the Revolution rendered necessary whites, 41, is the lowest, and of negroes, 35-1, the

new arrangements and adjustments of ecclesiastical second lowest of any state having a large negro popu-

jurisdiction and authority in the Catholic Church of lation. P'rom the time of the first Jesuit miasioiiaries

the United States. In a population of about 200,000, Catholic effort for sound education has been constant.

the Catholics of Maryland numbered at the clase of the To further the organization of a native clergy Bishop

revolution 15,000: 9000 adults, 30(X) chiklren, and Carroll secured the services of a number of Sulpidans,

3000 slaves. The number of Catholic priests at the who on 3 Octol)er, 1791, began St. Mary's Seminaiy,

same time in Maryland was twenty-one. The vicars Baltimore. In January, 1805, the State legislature

ApostoHc of London had jurisdiction over the English gave it the charter of a university. Up to 1910, 1800

colonies in America, and this jurisdiction was con- priests had been educated there. Many distinguished

firmed to Bishop Challoner on his appointment. laymen also studied within its walls. Under the same

Writing to Propaganda in 1750 he urged that a bishop direction St. Charles College, Ellicott City, was founded

or vicar Apostolic be appointed for the Catholics in in 1830. Georgetown University (q. v!) waa founded

our [i. e., British] American settlements. In 1765 he in 1778, and in its first years some of the Sulpidana

favoured the idea of two or three vicariates and wrote assisted as professors in the work of the institution,

in this sense to his agent in Rome. carried on by the Society of Jesus. Other notable in-

In Rome, however, the Cardinal of York, brother stitutions are Mount St. Mary's Seminary and Cd-

of Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the English lege, Emmitsburg (1808); Loyola College, Baltimore

throne, was thouglit to control the nomination of (1852); Rock Hill College, Ellicott City (Christian

bishops within British dominions. The Catholics of Brothers, 1865).

Maryland were not partisans of the House of Stuart, For women the most modern educational advan-

and, furthermore, the sympathies of the Cardinal of tages are supplied by the Sisters of Charity of St. Vin-

York were known to he not on the side of the Societ v cent de Paul m St. Joseph's College, founded by Mother

of Jesus, to which the Maryland missionaries almost all Seton at Emmitsburg in 1808, and in the Academy

belonged. Bishop Challoner then suggested that the of Notre Dame of Mar>iand at Baltimore. The Ccf-

Sacraraent of Confirmation \>e conferred on the Catho- lege of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the philosophical

hcs of Pennsylvania and Maryland by the Bishop of and theological House of Studies of the Society of

Quebec, but there is no evidence that this ever took Jesus, is at Woodstock; the Redemptorist House of

place, or that Confirmation was administered prior to Studies is at lUchester, and the normal school and

the War of Independence. On 27 June, 1783, a meet- novitiate of the Christian Brothers at Ammendale.

ing of the Catholic clergy of Maryland was held at Nearly one-half the parishes of the State have Catho-

White Marsh, Prince George's County, to take into He schools. The boys' parochial schools are under the

considenition the status and the wants of the Church cliarge of the Christian Brothers and the Xaverian

under the new political order brought about by the Brothers. The girls' schools are under the charge of

war. This meeting addresvsed a petition to His Iloli- the Sisters of Mercy, the Sisters of Charity, and^ the

ness Pius VI, refuiesting the appomtment of a prefect School Sisters of Notre Dame. The governor, princi-

Apostolic clothetl with episcopal powers. In response pal of the State Normal School and state euperin-

to this petition, on 9 June, 1784 a Decree of the Propa- tendent.with four meml)ors appointetl by the governor,

ganda was issued organizing the Catholic Church in make up the State Board of Education. The gover-

the United States, and appointing the Rev. John nor and Senate name a Board of School Commis-

Carroll superior of the missions in the thirteen Unitecl sioners for each coimty, and this board selects three

States of America. Father Carroll at once entered school trustees in each district. The law makes the

on the duties of his office, but it required but little annual school term last ten months,

experience to dcmonstmte that the appointment of Charities. — \ Board of State Aid and Charities

a "Superior of Missions" was wholly inadequate to appointed by the governor and the Senate receives

meet the wants of the Church in the United States, all applications for state aid, and recommends to the

and that a bishop with full authority and jurisdiction legislature the amount to be granted and its recipient,

was necessary. In 17SS a petition to that effect, signed There are 6 Catholic hospitals; 2 homes for aged

Pope Pius VI. Ilis Holiness approved the recom- as well as churches and cemeteries, is exempt from

mnidation, and a Bull was issued on 6 Noveml)er, taxation. Burial plots in cemeteries are not hable for

■1788, establishing Baltimore as a see and appointing debts, etc.

i. ttBiBZjtjUAfiKroU its first bishop. The authority and Laws Affecting Reugiox.— .\11 Sundaj-s, besides

e bishop was co-extensive with the New Year's Day, Christmas, and Good Friday, are