Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/801

 BCABTTES

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MART

FraDciscan, Jean Delbrouck (brother Victorin, h. at Boirs, 14 May, 1870), was arrested and beheaded on 11 Dec., his body being cut to pieces; by an agreement sign^ on 12 Dec., 1899, by the French consul at Han- kou, 10,000 taels were paid for the murder, and 44,500 taeis for the destruction of churches, builaings, etc. in the prefectures of I-ch'ang and Sha-nan. The most appalUng disaster befell the Christian Church in 1900 during the Boxer rebellion: at Peking, the Lazarist, Jules Garrigues (b. 23 June, 1840), was burnt w^ith his church, the Tung-Tang; Dor^ (b. at Paris, 15 May, 1862), was murdered, and his church, the Si Tang, de- stroyed; two Marist brethren were killed at Sha-la- eul; Father d'Addosio (b. at Brescia, 19 Dec, 1835), who left the French legation to look after the foreign troops who had entered Peking, was caught by the Boxers, and put to death; another priest, Chavanne (b. at St-Chamond, 20 August, 1862), wounded by a shot during the siege, died of smallpox on 26 July.

In the Chi-li province, the followmg Jesuits suffered for their faith: Modeste Andlauer (b. at Rosheim, Alsace, 1847); Remi Isor^ (b. 22 Jan., 1852, at Bam- becque, Nord); Paul Denn (b. 1 April, 1847, at Lille); Ignace Mangin (b. 30 July, 1857, at Vemy, Lorraine). In the Hu-nan province: the Franciscans: Antonio Fantosati, Vicar Apostolic and Bisho[> of Adra (b. 16 Oct., 1842, at Sta. Maria in Valle, Trevi); Cesadaj and Joseph: in the Hu-pe province, the Franciscan Ebert; in the Shan-si provmce, where the notorious Yu hien, subsequently^ beheaded, ordered a wholesale massacre of missionaries both Catholic and Protestant, at T'ai yuan: Gregorio Grassi (b. at Castellazzo, 13 Dec, 1833) vicar apostolic; his coadjutor, Francisco Fogolla (b. at Montereggio, 4 Oct., 1839), Bishop of Bagi; Fathers Facchini, Saccani, Theodoric Balat, Egide, and Brother Andrew Bauer, all Franciscans. In Man- churia: Laurent Guillon (b. 8 Nov., 1854, at Chind- rieux, burnt at Mukden, 3 July, 1900), Vicar Apostohc and Bishop of Eumenia; No^l-Mane Emonet (b. at Massingy, canton of Rumilly, burnt at Mukden, 2 July, 1900); Jean-Marie Viaud (b. 5 June, 1864; mur- dered 1 1 July, 1900); Edouard Agnius (b. at Haubour- din, Nord, 27 Sept., 1874; murdered 11 July, 1900); Jules-Joseph Bayart (b. 31 March, 1877; murdered 11 July, 1900); Louis-Marie-Joseph Bourgeois (b. 21 Dec, 1863, at La Chapelle-des-Bois, Doubs; murdered 15 July, 1900); Louis Marie Leray (b. at Lign^, 8 Oct.. 1872; murdered 16 July, 1900); Auguste Le Gu^vel (b. at Vannes, 21 March, 1875; muidered, 15 July, 1900); Fran9ois Georjon (b. at Marlhes, Loire, 3 Au- gust^ 1869; murdered 20 July, 1900); Jean-Frangois lUgis Souvignet (b. 22 Oct., 1854, at Monistrol-sur- Loire; murdered 30 July, 1900), all priests of the Paris Foreign Missions.

The Belgian Missions (Congregation of Scheut) num- bered also many martyrs: Ferdinand Hamer (b. at Nimegue, Holland, 21 August, 1840; burnt to death in Kan-su), the first Vicar Apostolic of the province; in Mongolia: Joseph Segers (o. at Saint Nicolas, Waes, 20 Oct., 1869); Heirman; Mallet; Jaspers; Zylmans; Abbeloos, Dobbe. The cemeteries, at Peking espe- cially, were desecrated, the graves opened and, the re- mains scattered abroad. Seven cemeteries (one Brit- ish, five French, and one mission), situated in the neighbourhood of Peking had l^een desecrated. By Article IV of the Protocol signed at Peking, 7 Sept., 1901, it was stipulated: "The Chinese government has agreed to erect an expiatory monument in each of the foreign or international cemeteries, which were desecrated, and in which the tombs were destroyed. It has been agreed with the Representatives of the Powers, that the I^egations interested shall settle the details for the erection of these monuments, China bearing all the expenses thereof, estimated at ten thousand taels for the cemeteries at Peking and in its nei^bourhood, and at five thousand taels for the oeme- ^nes in tbeprovinces.*' The amounts have been paid.

Notwithstanding these negotiations, Hipnolyte Juliei (b. 16 July, 1874) of the Paris Foreign Miaaiong was murdered on 16 Jan., 1902, at Ma-tze-hao, in the Kwang Tung province.

In 1904, Mgr. Theotime Verhaegen, franciacan Vicar Apostolic of Southern Hu-pe (b. 1867), was killed with his brother, at Li-Shwan. A new massacre of several missionaries of the Paris Foreign Missions including Father Jean-Andrd Souli^ (b. 1858), took place in 1905 in the Mission of Tibet (western part of the province of Sae-chw'an). Finally we shall record the death of the Marist Brother, Louis Maurice, mur- dered at Nan ch'ang on 25 Feb., 1906.

A long and sad list, to which might be added the names of many others, whose suiTerings for the Faith of Christ have not been recorded.

Henri Cordihr.

Martyrs of Gorknm. See Gorkum, The Mar- tyrs OP.

Mart3rrs of Lyons. See Pothinus, Saint.

Martjrrs of the Oommune. See Commune, Mar- tyrs of the Paris.

Maruthas, Saint, Bishop of Tagrit or Maypherkat in Mesopotamia, friend of St. Jphn Chrysostom, d. before 420. Feast, 4 Dec. He is honoured by the Latins, Greeks, Copts, and Syrians. He broui^ht into his episcopal city the reUcs of so many martyrs that it received the name Martyropolia, In the interests of the Church of Persia, wmch had suffered much in the persecution of Sapor II, he came to Constantinople, but found Emperor Arcadius too busily engaged in the affairs of St. John Chrysostom. Later Maruthas was sent by Theodosius II to the Court of Persia, and here, in spite of the jealousy and intrigues of the Magi, he won the esteem of King Yesdigerd by his affability, saintly Hfe, and, as is claimed, by his knowledge of medicine. He was present at the General Council of Constantinople in 381 and at a Council of Antioch in 383 (or 390), at which the Messahans were condemned. For the benefit of the Persian Church he is said to have held two synods at Ctesiphon. He must not be con- founded with Maruthas (Maruta), Monophysite Bishop of Tagrit (d. 649).

His writings include: (1) ''Acts of the Persian Mar^ tyrs, found partly in Assemani, Acta SS. mart, orient, et Occident.", I (Rome, 1748), and more com- pletely m Bedjan, ibid., II (Paris, 1891), 37-^396. W. Wright's Enghsh translation was printed in "Jour- nal of Sacred Literature" (Oct., 1866-^an., 1866). Zingerle published it in German (Innsbruck, 1836). A school edition was made by Leitzmann, "Die drei ftltesten Martyrologien " (Bonn, 1903). See Ache- lis, "Die Martvrologien" (Berlin, 1900), 30-71. (2) "History of the Council of Nicsea", on which see Braun in " KirchengeschichtUche Studien", IV, 3, and Hamack's " Ketzerkatalog des Bischofs Maruta'' in "Texte u. Untersuchun^en", XIX, 1, b. (3) "Acts of the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon ", edited in Syr- iac and Latin by Lamy (Louvain, 1869), on which see Hefele, "Conciliengeschichte", II, • 102. He also wrote hymns on the Holy Eucharist, on the Cross, and

on saints.

Bajidbnhkwer, Pa<ro2o0^, tr. Shahan (St. Louia, 1908). 394; Stokes in Diet. Christ. Bioq., s. v.; Zinqerle in KirchenUx., ». v.; KiHN, PatroloQxe (Paderbom, 1908), 102; Hurtbr. No- mmd., V (Innsbr.. 1903). 32«.

Francis Merahman.

Mary, the name of several personages in the New Testament. — Mary of Cleophas. — This title occurs only in John, xix, 25. A comparison of the liste of those who stood at the foot of the cross would seem to identify her with Maiy, the mother of James the Less and Joseph (Mark, xv. 40; cf . Matt., xxvii, 56). Some have indeed tried to identify hsr with the Salome of Mark, xv, 40, but St. John's reticence concerning himself and nis rela- tives seems conclusive against tms (cf . John, xxi, 2).