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he endured awful tortures, and was finally strangled on 11 Sept., 1840; he was beatified on 10 Nov., 1880. Father cr Addosio has written in Chinese, in 1887, a life of Perboyre; full bibliomphical details are given of these twQ martyrs in " Bibliotheca Sinica".

Just after the French tieaty of 1844, stipulating free exercise of the Christian religion, the Francisican Vicar Apostolic of Hu-pe, Giuseppe Riszolati, was ex- pelled, and Michel Navarro (b. at Granada, 4 June, 1809), was arrested; a Lazarist missionary, Laurent Carayon was taken back from Chi-K to Macao (June, 1846), while Hue and Gabet were compelled to leave Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, on 26 February, 1846, and forcibly conducted to Canton. The death of Father August Chapdelaine, of the Paris Foreign Missions (b. at La Rochelle, Diocese of Coutances, 6 Jan., 1814, beheaded on 29 Feb., 1856, at 8i-lin-hien, in the Kwang-si province), was the pretext chosen by France, to join England in a war against China; when peace was restored by a treaty signed at Tien-tsin in June, 1858, it was stipulated by a separate article that the Si-lin mandarin guilty oi the murder of the French missionary should be degraded, and disqualified for any office in the future. On 27 Feb., 1857, Jean- Vic- tor MOUer, of the Paris Foreign Missions, was arrested in Kwang-tung; an indemnity of 200 dollars was paid to him; he was finally murdered by the rebels at!mng- yi-fu, on 24 April, 1866. On 16 August, 1860, the T'ai-p'ing rebel chief, the Chung Wang, accompanied by the lutn Wang, marched upon Shiuighai; on 17th, his troops entered the village of Tsa ka wei, where the orphanage of the Jesuit Luigi de Massa (b. at Naples 3 March, 1827) was situated; the father was killed with a number of Christians; they were no less than five brothers belonging to the Neapolitan family of Bfassa, all Jesuit missionaries in China: Augustin (b. 16 March, 1813; d. 15 August, 1856), Nicolas (b. 30 Jan., 1815; d. 3 June, 1876), Ren6 (b. 14 May, 1817; d. 28 April, 1853), Gaetano (b. 31 Jan., 1821; d. 28 AprU, 1850), and Luigi. Two years later, another Jesuit father, Victor Vuillaume (b. 26 Dec., 1818), was put to death on 4 March, 1862, at Ts'ien Kia, Kiangsu province, by order of the Shanghai authorities.

At the beginning of 1861, Jean-Joseph Fenouil (b. 18 Nov., 1821 at Kudelle, Cahors), later Bishop of Tenedos, and Vicar Apostolic of Yun-nan, was cap- tured by the Lolo savages of Ta Leang Shan, and ill- treated, being mistaken for a Chinaman. On 1 Sept., 1854, Nicolas-Michel Krick (b. 2 March, 1819, at Lix- heim), of the Paris Foreign Missions, missionary to Tibet, was murdered, with Father Bourry, in the country of the Abors. On 18 Feb„ 1862, Jean-Pierre N6el (b. at Sainte-CatherineHSur^Kiverie, Diocese of Lyons, June, 1832), Paris Foreign Missions, was be- headed at Kai chou (Kwei chou). Gabriel-Marie- Pierre Durand (b. at Lunel, on 31 Jan., 1835), of the same order, missionary to Tibet, in trying to escape his persecutors, fell into the Salwein river and was drowned on 28 Sept., 1865.

On 29 August, 1865, FranQois Mabileau (b. 1 March, 1829, at Paimboeuf), of the Paris Foreign Missions, was murdered at Yew yang chou, in Eastern Sze Chw'an; four years later, Jean-FranQois Rigaud (b. at Arc-et-Senans) was killed on 2 Jan., 1869, at tJie same place. Redress was obtained for these crimes by the French Legation at Peking. In Kwang-tung, Fathers Verch^re (1867), Dejean (1868), Delavay (1869), were persecuted; Gilles and Lebrun were ill- treated (1869-1870). Things came to a climax in June, 1870: rumours had men afloat that children had been kidnapped by the missionaries and the sis- ters at T'ien-tsm; the chs-fu^ instead of calming liie people, was exciting them by posting bills hostOe to foreigners; the infuriated mob rose on 20 June, 1870: the French consul, Eontanier, and his chanoellbr Simon, were murdered at the Yamun of the imperial commissioner, Ch'ung Hou; the church of the Lasar-

ists was pillaged and burnt down: Father Chevrier was killed wiw a Cantonese priest, Vincent Hu, the French interpreter, Thomassin and his wife, a French merchant, Challemaison and his wife; inside the native town, ten sisters of St. Vincent of Paul were put to death in the most cruel manner, while on the other side of the river, the Russian merchants, BassofiF and Protopopoff with his wife, were also murdered.

Throughout China there was an outcry from all the foreign communities. It may be said that this awful crime was never punished; France was involved in her gigantic struggle with Germany, and she had to be content with the punishment of uie supposed mur- derers, and with the apology brought to St-Germain by the special embassy of Ch ung hou, who at one time had been looked upon as one of the instigators of the massacre. Jean Hue (b. 21 Jan., 1837), was massa- cred with a Chinese priest on 5 Sept., 1873, at Kien- Kiang in Sze chw'an; another priest of the Paris Foreign Missions, Jean-Joseph-Marie Baptifaud (b. 1 June^ 1845), was murdered at Pienkio, in the Yun-nan pjovmce during the n^ht of 16-17 September, 1874. The secretary of the French legation, Guillaume de Roquette, was sent to Sze chw'an, and after some protracted negotiations, arranged that two murderers should be executed, an indemmty paid and some man- darins punished (1875).

In the article China we have related the Korean massacres of 1839, and 1866; on 14 May, 1879, Victor Marie Deguette, of the Paris Foreign Missions, was arrested in the district of Kung-tjyou, and taken to Seoul; he was released at the request of the French minister at Peking; during the preceding year the Vicar Apostolic of Korea, Mgr Ridel, one of the sur- vivors of the massacre of 1866, had also been arrested and sent back to China. On Sunday, 29 July, 1894, Father Jean-Mo!se Jozeau (b. 9 Feb., 1866), was mur- dered in Korea. Three priests of the Paris Foreign Missions were the next victims: Jean-Baptiste-Ho- nor6 Brieux was murdered near Ba-t'ang, on 8 Sept.) 1881; in April, 1882, Eugene Charles Brugnon was un- prisoned; Jean-Antoine-Louis Terrasse (b. at Lan- triac, Haute-Loire) was murdered with seven Chris- tians at Chang In, Yun-nan province, during the nig^t of 27-28 Maroh, 1883; the culprits were flogged and banished, and an indemnity of 50,000 taelswas paid. Some time before, Louis^Dominique Conraux, ot the same order (b. 1852), was arrested and tortured in Manchuria at Hou L&n. On 1 November, 1897, at eleven o'clock in the evening, a troop of men belonging to the Ta Tao Hwei, the great "Knife Association", an anti-foreign secret society, attacked the German mission (priests of Steyl), in the village of Chang Kiar chwang (Chao-chou prefecture), where Fathers Fran- ds-Xavier Nies (b. 11 June, 1859, at Recklinghausen, Paderbom), Richard Henle (b. 21 July, 1863, at Stet- ten, near Kaigerloch, Sigmaringen), and Stenz were asleep; the latter escaped, but the other two were killea. This double murder led to the occupation of Kiao-chou, on 14 Nov., 1897, by the German fleet: the Governor of Shan-tung, Li Ping-heng was replaced by the no less notorious Yu Hien. On 21 April, 1898, Mathieu Bertholet (b. at Charbonnier, Puy de Ddme, 12 June, 1865), was murdered in the Kwang-si prov- ince at Tong-Kiang chou; he belonged to the JPariB Foreign Missions.

In July, 1898, two French missionaries were arrested at Yung chang, in Sza-ch'wan, by the bandit Yu Man-tze alreadv sentenced to death in Jan., 1892^ at the request of the French legation; one of the mission- aries escaped wounded; but the other, Fleury (b. 1869), was set at libertv onlv on 7 Jan., 1899. On 14 October, 1898, Henri Chani&s (b. 22 Sept., 1865, at Coubon-sur-Loire), of the Paris Foreign Missions, was murdered at Pak-tung (Kwang-tung), with several native Christians; the Chinese had to pay 80,000 dollars. In the same year, on 6 Dec., the Bel^pAn