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popes were treated on one side of the codex, and the emperors on the opposite page. As each page con- tains fifty Unes, and each hne the historical matter of one year, each page covers a period of fifty years. Alike in matter and in arrangement he followed the old models. The work is entirely uncritical; his sources were to a great extent legendary, and this ma- terial is again employed by him in uncritical fashion. The " Chronicle " thus contains Uttle true history, but chiefly a mass of fables and popular legends. He ad- mits, for example, into his third edition the fable of Popess Joan (q. v.), which indeed owes to him its wide dissemination (Chronicle ed. in Mon. Germ., Script., XXII, 397-475). The " Chronicle *' was continued by many imitators of Martin. The work printed at Turin in 1477 under the title " Martini Poloni Chro- nicon summorum Pontificum et Imperatorum " is, however, by a later author, and has no connexion with Martin of Troppau . Besides the ' ' Chronicle ' ', Martin is said to have also written sermons (Sennones de tempore et de Sanctis, Argentorati, 1484), a lexicon of canon law, and a work on the Greek Schism.

Weiland, Introductio in Mon. Qerm. hist. Script., XXII, 377; Idem, in A rchiv der Oca. fiir aeltere deutache Geachtchtakunde, XII, 1-79; Wattenbach, DnUschlanda Oeach'MitaqueUm, II (6th ed.), 466-71; Hdrter, NomencUUor, II (3nl ed.), 420-1; Michael, Qeach. dea deutachen Volkea, III, 384-8; Potthast, Bibl. hiat, medii oavi, 2nd ed., I, 771-2.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Martin of Valencia, O.F.M. (Juan Martin de Boil), b. at Villa de Valencia, Spain, about the middle of the fifteenth century; died in the odour of sanctity at Tlalmanalco, Mexico, 31 August, 1534. He entered the Franciscan Order at Mayorga in the Province of Santiago, built the monastery of Santa Maria del Berrogal, and was the chief founder of the Custody of San Gabriel, for which he visited Rome. In 1523 he was chosen to head a band of twelve Franciscans who were to labour for the conversion of the Mexican natives. They reached their destination on 13 May, 1524, and to the amazement of the Mexican chiefs were received with the most profound veneration by Her- nando Cortes shortly aft^r their arrival. (See Friars Minor in America.) Fr. Martin, as apostolic dele- gate, presided at the first ecclesiastical synod in the New World, 2 July, 1524. At the same time he estab- lished the Custody of the Holv Gospel, of which he was elec^d the first ctistos. After an interval of three years he was re-elected in 1830. He led a most peni- tential life, and he and his eleven companions, the band known as the Twelve Apostles of Mexico, are said to have baptized several million natives.

Habold, Epitome Annalium FF. Minorum (Rome. 1672); GoTfZAQA, De Oriqine Seraphicca Religionia, II (Rome, 1587); Mentdieta, Hiatorta Ecleaitlatica Indiana (Mexico, 1870) ; Vetan- CURT, Cronica de la Prov. del Santo Evangelio (Mexico, 1697); Menologio Franciacano (Mexico, 1697); Torquemada, Monar- quia Indiana, I (Madrid, 1723); Pkrusini, Cronologia Hia- torico-Legalia, III (Rome, 1752).

Zephyrin Engelhabdt.

Martinov, John, b. 7 October, 1821; d. 26 April, 1894. Having passed through his university course at St. Petersburg with distinction, Count Schouvalov en- gaged him as tutor to his children during a tour through Europe. In France he became acquainted with Father de Ravignan, and this led to his reception into the Church. Being now unable to return to Russia, he entered the French Jesuits, 18 September, 1845. Similarly his patron. Count Schouvalov, having also become a Catholic, joined the Bamabites. Father Martinov, like Father Gagarin, with whom he often co-operated, could now only reach his countrymen by his writings, and devoted himself to literature and correspondence with great success. He wrote fre- quently for the "Revue des Questions Historiques ", for "Polybiblion", and "Les Etudes Religieuses". Called by Pius IX to Rome as a papal theologian for the Vatican Council, he was afterwards a consultor of

the Prpaganda in matters connected ^^Lth OrientAl rites. TKe last days of his busy, well-filled life were passed at Cannes. His bibliography, under fifty-two titles, comprises works of every class, in Russian, French, and Latin. His most notable work is the "Annus Ecclesiasticus Grseco-Slavonicus ", which forms part of the eleventh volume of the Bollandist "Acta Sanctorum", for October (Brufisels, 1863).

Pricia Hiatoriquea (Brussels, 1894), 201; PolybMitm (18M), aer. II, vol. 39^ 540; Somubbvooel., Bibliothkque de la Compa- gnie de Jiaua, ix, 645--52.

J. H. Pollen.

Martinsberff, or Pannonhalma, an important Benedictine abbey in Hungary, about fourteen Eng- lish miles south of Raab, and sixty we6t of Buda- Pesth. From an early date the place was tradition- ally regarded as the scene of the birth and early life of the famous St. Martin of Tours and was hdd in great veneration by the small Christian population of Hungary. Towards the end of the tenth century the Benedictine monastery was begim by Duke Geysa, and completed by his more celebrated son, St. Stephen, the king. The second Sunday of October, 1001, witnessed the dedication of the church. The site is a pleasant one on a high plateau with extensive views to the north and east, and occupies the ground once covered by a strongly fortified Roman encampment. Almost iminterruptedly from that date the "Holy Mountain of Himgary'', as it came to be called, has been the centre of all that is best in the religious and intellee-- tual life of the kingdom. The first Christian school established in Hungary, it soon attracted lai^ num- bers of students; popes and kings increased and guar- anteed its possessions, and owing to its strongly forti- fied position it escaped destruction more than once when all around was ruined. The Tartar invasion left it unscathed. It was less fortimate imder Arch- abbot Matthew, who died in 1584, during the disas- trous five years in which tiie Turks were roasters of Hungary, though it escaped annihilation till the fail of its fortress in 1594, when the community was scat- tered. The younger monks were received into va- rious Austrian monasteries and the valuable archives were saved from destruction. It was not till peace was fully restored in 1683 that St. Martin's Abbev rose from its ashes, the only house of the fifty which had belonged to the Beneaictine Order in medieiid Hungry. Its schools were reonened in 1724 and flourished till the days of Joseph II, "the Sacristan" (1780-86), whose narrowmindedness could not leave untouched so vigorous a centre of religious feeling and Hungarian sentiment and language.

The eclipse of Martinsberg lasted about sixteen years. Li 1802, on 12 March, the abbey and its col- leges were reopened in deference to the genera] desire of the nation, and an archabbot was appointed in the person of Dom Chr>'so8tom Novak. Smce that time the fortunes of the community have prospered. The abbey and church have been rebuilt in the Italian style, and form an imposing group of buildings. The house is the central home of all the monks of the Hun- garian congregation; its superior, the archabbot, is a prelate "nullius", inunediately subject to the Holy See, Ordinary of the Diocese, perpetual President of the Benedictine Congregation of Hungary, and a member of the House of Magnates of the kingdom. Subject to his government, besides the actual com- munity at Martmsberg, are the abbeys of St. Maurice and Companions at Bakonybel, of St. Anian at Tihany, of St. Mary at Doemelk, and St. Hadrian at Zalavar, and six residences, with colleges attached, in various parts of the kingdom; Gydr ^ith 448 students, So- pron with 345, Estergom with 366, and three nunor gmmasia; Koszeg with 208, Komarom with 144, and Papa with 157 students. The entire congregati<m of Hungarian Benedictines numbers about 160 priests, with some. 40 or 50 clerics and novices. The ooogre-