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those who entered at^the beginning was Edmund Cam- pion^ the renowned Jesuit martyr. At this period of his hfe, however, he was possessed with the ambitions of youth, and although at heart a Catholic, he con- formed to the Established Church, and even accepted ordination as a deacon. Gregorv Martin was his close friend throughout his Oxfoi3 days, and himself re- mained a devout Catholic. When ne found it neces- sary to quit the university, he took refuge as tutor in the family of the Duke of Norfolk, where he had among his pupils Philip, Earl of Arundel, also subse-

Suently martyred. During his residence with the >uke, Martin wrote to Campion, warning him that he was being led away into danger b^ his ambition, and begging him to leave Oxford. It is said that it was in great measure due to this advice that Campion mi- grated to Dublin in 1570, and accepted a post in the university there. He continued to conform to the es- tablished religion outwardly; but his Catholic senti- ments were no secret.

In the meantime Gregory Martin left the house of the Duke of Norfolk, and crossing the seas, presented himself at Dr. Allen's College at Douai as a candidate for the priesthood, in 1570. During his early days there, he wrote once more to Campion, who yielded to his entreaties, and the following year saw the two friends once more united within the venerable walls of the English College at Douai. Campion was now a professed Catholic, and he received minor orders and the subdiaconate, after which he proceeded to Rome and eventually entered the Society of Jesus. Having finished his theology, Gregory Martin was ordained priest in March, 1573. Three years later he went to Rome to assist Allen in the foundation of the English College there, known by the title of the " Venerabile'*. Campion, however, was at that time absent from Rome. Martin remained two years, during which time he organized the course of studies at the new college; when he was recalled by Allen to Reims, whither the college had been removed from Douai in consequence of political troubles. Martin and Cam- pion met once more in this world, when the latter made a short stay at Reims in the summer of 1580, on his way to the English Mission, and — as it turned out — to early martyraom.

It was during the next four years after his return from Rome that Gregory Martin s brilliant talents and scholarship found full scope in a work destined to be of far-reaching and permanent utility to English Catholics. The need of a Catholic translation of the Bible had long been felt, in order to counteract the various inaccurate versions which were continually nuoted by the Reformers, and as Allen said, to meet tnem on their own ^ound. He determined to at- tempt the work at his college, and deputed Martin to undertake the translation. Thomas Worthington, Richard Bristowe, John Reynolds, and Allen himself were to assist in revising the text and preparing suit- able notes to the passages which were most uSkI by the Protestants.

The merits and shortcomings of Martin's translation have been discussed in the article on the Douai Bible (q. v.). It is sufficient here to say that it was made from the Vulgate, and is full of Latinisms, so that it has little of the rhythmic harmony of the Anglican Authorized Version which has become part of the literature of the nation: but in accuracy and scholar- ship, it was superior to any of the English versions which had preceded it, and it is understood to have had ^eat influence on the translators of King James's Version. In many cases in which they did not follow the Douai, the editors of the Revised Version have up- held Gregory Martin's translation. And it was ac- curacy of rendering which was chiefly needed by the controversial exigencies of the day.

The Reims New Testament first appeared in 1682. The Old Testament was not publiahea till more than a

Quarter of a century later. This, however, was aokhr due to want of funds. It was not called for with suai urgency, and its publication was put off from year to year. But it was all prepared at the same time as the New Testament, and by the same editors.

The constant work told on Martin's constitution, and he was found to be in consumption. In the hope of saving his life, Allen sent him to Paris, where oe coQsult^ the best physicians of the di&y, only to be told that the disease was past cure. He returned to Reims to die, and he was buried in the parish church of St. Stephen. Allen preached the funeral diacoune, and erected a long Latin inscription on the tomb of his friend. The following is a list of Martin's works: " Treatise of Schisme '^ (Douai, 1678) : " Discovery of atie Manifold Corruptions of the Holy Scriptures by the Heretikes of our Dales" (Reims, 1582); Reims Testament and Douay Bible; *' Treatise of Christian Peregrination" (Reims, 1583); "Of the Love of the Soul^' (St. Omer, 1603); ''Gre^rius Martinus ad Adolphum Mekerchum pro veten et vera Grsecarum Literarum Pronunciatione" (Oxford, 1712); several other works in MS. mentioned by Pitts.

Burton, Life ofChaUoner (London, 1909); Dodd, Ch. HiaL: Pitts, De Illxut. Script. Ecclcs.; Wood, Aihtncg Oxan.; Knox. Historical Introductum to Douay Diaries (1878); Idem, Lettenof Card. Alien (1882); Foley, Records S. J.; SiMpeoN, Life «/ Campion (London, 1866; leiasued, 1907); Menotogy of St Edmund' a College (London, 1909). Also bibliosraphy of artklt

Douai Bible.

Bebnard Ward.

Martin, KoNRAO, Bishop of Paderbom; b. 18 May, 1812, at Geismar, Province of Saxony; d. 16 July, 1879, at Mont St Guibert, near Brussels, Belgium. He studied at first under an elder brother who was a

Eriest, and later at the ' 'gymnasium " at HeiUgenstadt; e studied theology and Oriental languages for two years at Munich under D6llinger and Aliioli, then went to Halle where the famous Gesenius taught, and thence to WUrzburg where he passed the examen rigorosum for the degree of "Doctor Theologis". But before he could present the necessary Public Act, he was compelled to leave WOrzburg, and undergo the same examination in MOnster, Westphalia, because the Prussian ministry forbade stud>ang at South German universities and did not recognise their degrees. In 1835 he obtained in Monster the degree of D.D., for his dissertation: " De Petri denegatione, qua inquiriturde huius criminis ethica natura et luculentioribus effecti- bus *'. Feeling an inclination towards academic teach- ing which the Diocese of Paderbom was unable to sat- isfy, he entered the Archdiocese of Cologne, and as a student of the theological seminary was ordained priest in 1836. Immediately after this he was ap- pointed rector of the "pro-gymnasium" at Wippei^ farth, which had just been established, and published, in Mainz, 1839, under the pseudonym Dr. Fridericm Lange, a sharp and forceful pamphlet against Her- mesianism, written in classical Latin and entitled "Novse annotationes ad Acta Hermesiana et Acta Romana, quas ad causam Hermesianam denuo illus- trandam scripsit". The pamphlet created a sensa- tion everywhere and caused the coadjutor Geissel of Cologne to appoint the young savant teacher of re- ligion at the Marzellengymnasium at Colo^p:ie in the year 1840. In order to elevate the teaching of relir gion in the higher schools and to infuse into it a deeper significance, he wrote his famous text-book of the Catholic religion for high-schools, which appeared at Mains in 1843 in two volumes and went through fifteen editions. It was used as a text-book in all Prussian gymnasia and translated into Hungarian and Frendi, but later on, during the Kulturkampf, it was sup- pressed by order of the Prussian minister of education. Before the end of the same year he was invited by Bishop Dammers of Paderbom to become professor A dogmatic theology in the faculty of his home diocese, but Geissel requested him to ramain in Cologne ana