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years. He (lied, however, before this convened, though he had previously appointed Cardinal Giuli- ano Cesarini as president of the council with powers to transfer and, if necessary, suspend it. Though Mar- tin V allowed adiustment of the temporal affairs of the Church to draw his attention from the more important duty of reforming the papal court and the clergy, still the. sorry condition of Rome and the Papal States at his accssion palliate this neglect. He diu not entirely overlook the inner reform of the Church; esoecially during the early part of his pontificate, he made some attempts at reforming the clergy of St. Peter's and abolishing the most crying abuses of the Curia. In a Bull issued on 16 March, 1425, he made some excellent provisions for a thorough reform, but the Bull appar- ently remained a dead letter. (This Bull is printed in D6llinger, " Beitr&ge zur politischen, kirchlichen and Kulturgeschichte der sechs letzteu Jahrhunderte", II, Ratisbon, 1863, pp. 335-44.) He also successfully op- posed the secular encroaclunents upon the rights of the Church in France by issuing a Constitution (13 April, 1425), which greatly limited the Galilean liber- ties in that part of France which was subject to King Henry VI oi England, and by entering a new concor- dat with King Charles VII of France in August, 1426 (see Valois, "Concordats ant^rieurs k celui de Fran- cois I. Pontificat de Martin V" in "Revue des ques- tions historiques'*, LXXVII, Parb, 1905, pp. 376- 427). Against the Hussites in Bohemia he ordered a crusadcj and negotiated with Constantinople in behalf of a reunion of the Greek with the Latin Church. His bulls, diplomas, letters etc. are printed in Mansi, "Sacrorum Cone, nova et ampl., coll.," XXVII-XXVIII.

Pastor, Oesch. der Pdntte aeit dem A%ugang des MiUelaUera, I (4th ed., Freiburg, lOOl), 1st ed. tr. Antrobus, History of the Popes from the dose of the Middle Ages, I (Londoo, 189 1 ), 208-82 ; Creighton, History of the Papacy during the Period of the Re for- mation^ I-II (London, 1882) ; Hallbr, England u. Rom, unter Martin V (Rome, 1905); Contelori, Vila di Martino V (Rome. 1641); CiROCCo. Vita di Martino V (Foligno, 1638); Funk, Mar- tin V und das Komilzu Konstam in Theolog. Quartalschr., LXX (TQbingen, 1888),451-65;Vkrnet, Martin V<rf Uemardin de Si- WHne in University Catholique, IV (Lyons, 1890), 663-94: Idbm,L« pape Martin V etlesJuifs in Revue des questions hist., LI (Paris, 1892), 373-423; Lanciani, Patrimonio della famiglia Colonna al tempo di Martin V in Archivio della Societd Romana di sloria patria, XX (Rome, 1897), .369-449; Frommk, Die Wahl des Papstes Martin V in Romische Quartalschr., A (Rome, 1896), 131-61. Earlier lives of Martin V aro print<Ki m Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, III, ii, 857-68. See also bibliog- raphy under Constance, Council of, and Schibm, WbstxbNc

Michael Ott.

Martin, Benedictine Abbot of the Schottenkloster at Vienna, b. about 1400; d. 28 July, 1464 (29 July 1470). Born of wealthy farmers at Leibitz, County of Zips in Hungary, he made his studies at Krakow and Vienna, and in'^the latter place taught for some time in the faculty of arts. Accompanying his mother on a pilgrimage to Italy, he visited the an- cient monastery of Subiaco and took the habit of St. Benedict about 1425. But he found the climate and discipline too severe for his delicate health, and was transferred to the Schottenkloster at Vienna. In 1428 he was sent to the Council of Basle, and on his return was made prior. After the death of John IV, he was elected abbot on 19 Oct., 1446. He now laboured hard and incessantly for the welfare, spir- itual and temporal, of the abbey and of the order. To advance the education of his subjects he secured a library not etiualle^l by many in his days. Cardinal legate Nicholas of Cusa in 1451 appointed him, with some others, visitors of the I^nedictine abbeys of the Diocese of Salzburg, with powers to introduce neces- sary or useful reforms. By authority of Nicholas V, he examined the election of the Abbot of Melk and, finding no canonical dofect, confirmed the same. He also stood high in the estimation of Pius II and Em- peror Frederick IV. Though paying heavy taxes towards a fund against the Turks, Martin placed his

abbey on a solid financial basis. For uukno^n rea- sons he resigned the abbatial dignity at the close of 1460 or the beginning of 1461 (some say 1455). Only one work of Martin's has appeared in print, called Senatorium, which gives accounts of himself, his visitation trip and other matters of interest in Aus- trian history — complete edition in Pea, "Rerum Austr. Script.", II, 626. In Munich and Vienna there are some copies of smaller works in manuscript.

BhaunmOixeb in Kirchenlcx., 8. v.; Brunner* Benedietiner' buch CW^sburg), 300; Hauswirth, Abris9 einer Oesch, der Schotten (Vienna, 27); Hurtbr, NomencL, II (1906), M5.

Francis Msrshman.

Martin, Felix, antiquarv, historiographer, archi- tect, educationist, b. 4 October, 1804, at Auray, seat of the famous shrine of St. Ann in Brittany, France; d. at Vaugirard, Paris, 25 November, 1886. His father, Jacques Ausustin A^Iartin, for many years mayor of Auray and Attomey-GenewJ' of Alorbihan, was a public benefactor. His mother was Anne Aimel Lauzer de Kerzo, a truly pious matron, of whose ten children three entered religious communities, while the others, as heads of families, shone in Breton society as models of every domestic virtue. Felix, having made his classical studies at the Jesuit seminary close by the shrine of St. Anne, entered the Society of Jesus at Montrouge, Paris, 27 September, 1823, but on the opening of a new novitiate at Avignon, in Aug., 1824, he was transferred there. Thence in 1826 he was sent to the one time famous college of Arc, at D61e, to com- plete his logic and gain his first experience in the man- agement of youth among its 400 pupils. The following scholastic year, 1826-1827, at St-Acheul, he began his career as teacher. This was soon to be interrupted, for already among the revolutionists of the boulevards and in the Chami)er of Deputies the wildest and most preposterous accusations had been formulated against the Society. This agitation culminated on 16 June, 1828, in the "Ordonnances de Charles X" which were to be enforced the following October. The Fathers, meanwhile, quietly closed their colleges, their teachers went into temporary exile and among them Ft. Martin. He spent the succeeding years m colleges established across the frontier.

In Switzerland, Brie^ and Estavay^; in Spain, Le Passage near St. Sebastian; in Belgium, the College of Brugeiette, were in turn the scenes of his labours as student or as teacher. It was when he was in Switzer- land, in 1831, that he received Holy orders. Eleven vears later, while engaged in the ministry at Angers ne was informed that, under Father ChajeUe, ex- rector of St. Mary's College, Kentucky, he was chosen together with Fathers Hainpaux, Tellier and Domi- nique du Banquet to restore the Society of Jesus in Canada, extinct since the death of Father Jean Joseph Casot at Quel>ec on 16 March, 1800. The party reached their destination on 31 May, 1842. On 2 Jul^, Mgr. Boureet, at whose invitation the fathers had come, confided to them the parish of Laprairie, deprived of its pastor, the Rev. Michael Power, by his promotion to the newly erected episcopal see of Toronto, 26 June, 1842. On 31 July, 1844, Fr. Martin was named supe- rior of the mission in Lower Canada, now the Province of Quebec. The enthusiastic citizens of Montreal had generously subscribed towards the building of a col- lege, his principal preoccupation. In M&y, 1847, ground was broken and the foundations were laid. Then came a series of disasters which interrupted all further work. The greater portion of Laprairie was swept by fire and the presbytery of the fathers was reduced to ashes. The great conflagration of Quebec foUowea, whereby a vast portion oi the city was de- stroyed. Thousands of Irish immigrants were pouring into the country; in 1847 the nimibers reached nearly 100,000. With them they brought the dreaded typhus or ship-fever. Li that year alone nearly two thousand were stricken down in Montreal. With Christian intre-