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which was under interdict because it had im- prisoned two cardinals, Martin IV went to Orvieto where he was crowned on 23 March. Though per- sonally pious and well-meaning, the new pope was de- pendent in everything on Charles of Anjou whom he at once appointed to the influential position of Ro- man Senator. He also assisted him in his endeavours to restore the Latin Empire of the East, and excom- municated the Greek emperor, Michael Palaeologus, of Constantinople, who opposed the plans of Charles of Anjou. By liiis imprudent act he broke the union which had been effected between the Greek and the Latin Churches at the Council of Lyons in 1274. After Sicily forcibly threw off the galling yoke of Charles of Anjou and gave expression to its deep hatred of France in the cruel massacre known as the Sicilian Vespers, Pope Martin IV used his full papal power to save Sicily for France. He excommunicated Peter III of Aragon whom the Sicilians had elected as their king, declared his kingdom of Aragon forfeited and ordered a crusade to be preached against him. But all his efforts proved useless. Among the seven cardinals created by Martin IV was Ben^etto Gae- tano, who afterwards ascended the papal throne as the famous Boniface VIII.

Les Rigiairea de MaHin IV M 281-1285) in BHAiothi^ue de9 icoleB fran^aiaea tTAthhtea et ae Rome, four fascicles (Paria, 1901); Vita Martini ex Ma. Bemardi Cfuidonia in Muratori, Renun italiearum acriplorea. III, i, 608-610; Choulubr, Re- eherekea attr la vie du pape Martin IV in Revue de Champagne IV (1878). 16-30; Ddchesnb, Liber Pontificalia, II (Paris, 1902), 459-464; Potthast, Regeata Pontificum Romanorum, II, (Berlin, 1874). 1756-1795.

Michael Ott.

Martin V (Oddone Colonna), Pope; b. at Genaz- zano in the Campagna di Roma, 1368; d. at Rome, 20 February, 1431. He studied at the University of Perugia, became prothonotary Apostolic under Urban VI, papal auditor and nuncio at various Italian courts

under Boniface IX, and was admin- istrator of the Diocese of Palestrina from 15 December, 1401. to 1405, and from 18 to 23 September, 1412. On 12 June, 1405, he was made Car- dinal Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro. He deserted the lawful pope, Gregory XII, was present at the Ciouncil of Pisa, and took part in the election of the antipopes Alex- ander V and John XXIII. At the Council of (Constance he was, after a conclave of three davs, unanimously elected pope on 11 November, 1417, by the representatives of the five nations (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and England) and took the name of Martin V in honour of the saint of Tours whose feast fell on the day of his election. Being then only subdeacon, he was ordained deacon on 12, and priest on 13, and was consecrated bishop on 14 November. Gn 21 November he was crowned pope in the great court of the episcopal palace at (Con- stance. (Concerning his further activity at the coun- cil, see Constance, Council of.)

The influential family of the Colonnas had already gjven twenty-seven caidinals to the Church, but Mar- tin V was the first to ascend the papal throne. He was in the full vigour of hfe, bemg only forty-one years of age. Of simple and unassuming manners and stainless chamcter, he possessed a great knowledge of canon law, was pledged to no party, and had numer- ous other good qualities. He seemed the right man to rule the Churchy which had just passed through the most critical penod of its history — ^the so-called West- em Schism. The antipopes, John XXIII and Bene- dict XIII, were still recalcitrant. The former, how- ever, submitted to Martin at Florence on 23 June. 1419, and was made Dean of the Sacred College ana Oarcunal-Bishop of Frascati. The latter remained itubbom to the end, but had little following. His suo-

Arics or Martin V

oessor Clement VIII submitted to Martin V in 1429. while another successor of Benedict XIII, who haa been elected by only one cardinal and styled himself Benedict XIV, was excommunicated by Martin V, and thereafter had only a few supporters (see Schism, Western). On 22 April, 1418, Martin V dissolved the council, but remained in Constance^ concluding separ- ate concordats with Germany (Mansi,  Sacrorum Cone, nova et ampl. Coll.". XXVII, 1189-93), France (ibid., 1184-9) England (ibid., 1193-5), Spain ("Colecci<5n completa de concordatos espaholes, Madrid, 1862. 9 sc|.). A separate concordat was probably made also with Italy, though some believe it identical with the concordat of Spain. King Si^ismund of Germany used eveVy effort to induce Martm V to reside in a Ger- man city, while France begged him to come to Avi- gnon, but, rejecting all offers, he set out for Rome on 16 May, 1418.

The sad state of Rome, however, made it impossible at that time to re-estaolish the papal throne there. The city was wellnigh in ruins, famme and sickness had decmiated its inhabitants, and the few people that still lived there were on the verge of starvation. Mar- tin V, therefore, proceeded slowly on his way thither, stopping for some time at Berne, Geneva, Mantua, and Florence. While sojoiuning in the two last-named cities, he gained tfaie support of Queen Joanna of Naples, who was in possession of Rome and Naples, by consenting to reco^iize her rights as Queen of Naples and to permit her coronation by the Cardipal Legate Morosini on 28 October, 1419. She ordered her gen- eral, Sforza Attendolo, to evacuate Rome on 6 Ma^rch,

1419, and granted important fiefs in her kingdom to the pope's two brothers, Giordano and Lorenso. With the nelp of the Florentines, Martin also came to an un- derstanding with the famous condottiere Bracdo di Montone, who had gained mastery over half of Central Italy. The pope allowed him to retain Perugia, A»- sisi, Todi, and Jesi as vicar of the Church, whereupon Braccio restored all his other con(][uestB, and in July,

1420, compelled Bologna to submit to the pope. Martin was now able to continue his journey to

Rome, where he arrived on 28 September, 1420. He at once set to work, establishing oider and restoring the dilapidated churches, palaces, bridges, and other public structures. For this restoration he engaged some famous masters of the Tuscan school, and thus laid the foundation of the Roman Renaissance. When practically a new Rome had risen from the ruins of the old, the pope turned his attention to the rest of the Papal States, which during the schism had become an incoherent mass of independent cities and provinces. After the death of Braccio di Montone in June, 14^, Perugia, Assisi, Todi, and Jesi freely submitted to the pope, and they were soon follow^ by the remaining papal territory. Bologna again revolted in 1428, but returned to the papal allegiance in the following year. In these activities, Martin V was greatly assisted by his kindred, the Colonna family, whom he over- whelmed with important civil and ecclesiastical offices. In his case, however, the charge of nepotism loses some of its odiousness, for, when he came to Rome, he was a landless ruler and could look for support to no one ex- cept his relatives.

The tendency, which some of the cardinals had manifested at the Council of Constance to substitute constitutional for monarehical government in the Church and to make the pope subject to a General Council, was firmly and successfully opposed by Bfar- tin V. The council had decided that a new council should be convened within five years. Accordingly, Martin convened a council, which opened at Pavia m April, 1423, but had to be transferred to Siena in June in consequence of the plague. He used the smaU at- tendance and the disagreement of the cardinals as a pretext to dissolve it again on 26 February, 1424, but agreed to summon a new council at Basle within seven