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Sept., the Muscovites on 14 April. In the hymns of the Office the Greeks style him infaUibilU fidei rrtofTM- ter because he was the successor of St. Peter in the See of Rome (Nilles, " Calendarium Manuale '', Inns- bruck, 1896, I, 336). Martin, one of the noblest fig- ures in the long line of Roman pontiffs (Hodgkin, "Italy", VI, 268). was, according to his biographer Theodore (Mai, *^Spicil. Rom.*', IV, 293) of noble birth, a great student, of commanding; intelligence, of

Profound learning, and of great chanty to the poor, iazza, II, 457 states that he belonged to the Order of St. Basil. He governed the Church at a time when the leaders of the Monothelite heresy, supported by the emperor, were making most strenuous efforts to

?)read their tenets in the East and the West. Pope heodore had sent Martin as apocrvsiary to Constan- tinople to make arrangements for the canonical depo- sition of the heretical patriarch, Pyrrhus. After nis election Martin had himself consecrated without wait- ing for the imperial confirmation, and soon called a council in the Lateran at which one himdred and five bishops met. Five sessions were held on 5, 8, 17, 19, and 31 Oct., 649 (Hefele, " Conciliengeschichte ", III, 190) . The " Ecthesis " of Heraclius and the " Typus " of Constans II, were rejected; nominal excommunica- tion was passed against Sergius, P\Trhus, and Paul of Constantinople, Cyrus of Alexandria, and Theodore of Pharan in Arabia; twenty canons were enacted defin- ing the Catholic doctrine on the two wills in Christ. The decrees signed by the pope and the assembled bishops were sent to the other bishops and the faithful of the world together with an encyclical of Martin. The Acts with a Greek translation were also sent to the Emperor Constans II.

The pope appointed John, Bishop of Philadelphia. as his vicar in the East with necessary instructions ana full authority. Bishop Paul of Thessalonica refused to recall heretical letters previously sent to Rome and added others, — ^he was, therefore, formally excom- municated anid deposed. The Patriarch of Constanti- nople, Paul, had urged the emperor to use drastic means to force the pope and the Western bishops at least to subscribe to the " Typus **. The emperor sent Olympius as exarch to Italy^ where he arrived while the council was still in session. Olympius tried to create a faction among the Fathers to favour the views of the emperor, but without success. Then upon pre- tence of reconciliation he wished to receive holy com- munion from the hands of the pontiff with the inten- tion of slaying him. But Divine Providence protected the pope, and Olympius left Rome to fight against the Saracens in Sicily and died there. Constans II, thwarted in his plans, sent as exarch Theodore Callio- pas with orders to bring Martin to Constantinople. Ualliopas arrived in Rome, 15 June, 653, and, entering the Lateran Basilica two days later, informed the clergy that Martin had been deposed as an unworthy intruder, that he must be brought to Constantinople and that another was to be chosen in his place. The pope, wishing to avoid the shedding of human blood, torbade resistance and declared himself willin^^ to be brought before the emperor. The saintly pnsoner, accompanied by only a few attendants, and suffering much from bodily ailments and privations, arrived at Constantinople on 17 Sept., 653 or 654, having landed nowhere except at the island of Naxos. The letters of the pope seem to indicate that he was kept at Naxos for a year. Jaff6, n. 1608, and Ewald^ n. 2079, con- sider the annum fecimua an interpolation and would allow only a very short stop at Naxos, which granted the pope an opportunity to enjoy a bath. Duchesne, " Lib. Pont.", 1, 336, can see no reason for abandoning the traditional account; Hefele, ''Conciliengeschichte*', III, 212, held the same view (see "Zeitschr. fUr Kath. Theol.", 1892, XVI, 375).

From Abydos messengers were dispatched to the imperial city to xuinouncc the arrival of the prisoner.

who was branded as a heretic and rebel, an enemy of God and of the State. Upon his arrivsd at Constanti- nople Martin was left for several hours on dedk ex- posed to the jests and insults of a curious crowd of spectators. Towards evening he was brought to a prison called Prandearia and kept in close and cruel confinement for ninety-three days, suffering from hun- ger, cold, and thirst. All this did not break his energy ana on 19 December he was brought before the assem- bled senate where the imperial treasurer acted as judge. Various political charges .were made, but the true and onlv charge was the pope's refusal to sign the ''Typus". tie was then carried to an open space in full view of the emperor and of a large crowd of people. These were asked to pass anathema upon the pope, to which but few responded. Numberless inolgnlties were heaped upon him, he was stripped of nearly all his clothing, loaded with chains, dragged through the streets of the city and then again thrown into the prison of Diomede, where he remained for eighty-five days. Perhaps influenced by the death of Paul, Patri- arch of Constantinople, Constans did not sentenee the pope to death, but to exile. He was put on board a ship, 26 March, 654 (655) and arrived at his destina- tion on 15 May. Cherson was at the time suffering from a great famine. The venerable pontiff here passed the remaining days of his life. He was buried m the church of Our Lady, called Blachemse, near Cherson, and many miracles are related as wrought by St. Martin in life and after death. The greater part df his relics are said to have been transferred to Home, where they repose in the church of San Martino ai Monti. Of his letters seventeen are extant in P. L., LXXXVII, 119.

Mann, Lives of the Popes, I (London, 1902), 385; HiM. Jahr- huch. V, 424: XII, 757; Leclercq, Les Martyrs, IX (Paris, 1905), 234; CiviUii Cattolica, III (1907), 272, 656.

Francis Mershman.

Martin n, m, Popes. See Marinus I, II, Popes.

Bftartin IV (Simok de Brie), Pope; b. at the castle of Montpensier in the old French province of Touraine at an unknown date; d. at Perugia 28 March, 1285. As priest he held a benefice at Rouen for a short time, whereupon he became canon and treasurer at the church of St. Martin in Tours. King Louis IX made him Chancellor of France in 1260 and Urban VI created him cardinal-priest with the titular church of St. Cecilia in De- cember, 1262. Under Urban VI (1261-4) and his successor, Clement IV (1265-8), he was legate in France with powers to offer the I^ngdom of Sicily to Charles of Anjou on certain conditions. Under Gregory X (1271- 76) he was sent as legate to France a second time, with ample faculties to stem the abuses that had crept into the Church of France. In this capacity he presided over various reformatory synods, the most important of which was the one held at Bourges in September, 1276 (Mansi, Sacr. Cone, nova et ampl. Collectio XXI V, 165-180). Just six months after the death of Pope Nicholas III, Simon de Brie was unanimously elected pope at Viterbo on 22 February, 1281. His election was due to Charles of Anjou who was present at Viterbo and caused the two most influential cardinals of the Italian faction to be imprisoned before the conclave, on the plea that they were retarding the election. Cardinal Simon de Brie accepted the tiara with reluctance and chose the name of Martin. Though he was only the second pope b)r the name of Martin he is generalhr known as Martin FV, because since the beginning of the thir^ teenth century the Popes Marinus I (882-4) and Marinus II (942-6) were listed among the Martins.

Unable to go to Rome where a pope of French nationality was hated, and im willing to stay at Vitecbo

Arms ov Habtik TV