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ingthat a severer discipline prevailed in the convent at Toulouse, he went there, taught theology for some ttme, and was then appointed to teach the same in the convent of St. Honong at Paris. Recalled to Rome by the general, Nicolao Ridolphi, he was made master of theology and regens primarius of studies in his former convent. Later he became prior, and in that capacity demolished the old, and in its olace erected the present Minerva convent. On 18 Oct., 1648, Innocent X created him Archbishop of Avignon. His attention here was first directed towards providing the univer- sity — ^which, since the return of the popes to Rome, had practically lost all significance^with a represen- tative theological faculty. From his private funds he founded chairs of philosophy and theology and sup- plied them with professors of his own order, thus restoring to the institution the teachings of St. Augus- tine and Aquinas. He is the author of "Expositio oommentaria in I, II et III partem S. Thomai " (Lyons, 1663-5).

QutTiF-EcBARP, Script. Ord. Prced., II, 627: Hcrter, Nomend., II (2nd ed.), 15; Afon. Ord. Pnxd. Hist., XII. 75. 78, 341; Bbrthikr, VEgliBe de la Minerve a Rome (Rome, 1910).

Joseph Schroeder.

Marini, Luigi Gaetano, natural philosopher, ju- rist, historian, archeologist, b. at Sant' Orcangelo (pagus Acerbotanus), 18 Dec, 1742; d. at Paris, 7 Iday, 1815. Having received a comprehensive pre- paratory education at the College of San Marino and at the seminary at Rimini, he was able to pass through the legal and philological studies at Bologna Univer- sity brilliantly, and to graduate at Ravenna in utroque jure (in both branches of law). He went to Rome in Dec, 1764, where he gained the friendship of Cardinal Alessandro Albani and Garampi. He entered into re- lations with the most distinguished scholars of his day, and maintained with them an extensive correspond- ence. In 1772 he was appointed coadjutor to Marino Zampini, prefect of the archives; and was also given the position by the Roman Republic of prefect of the archives at the Vatican and the Castle of bt. Angcio, as well as that of president of the Vatican Museum and the Vatican Library. On 18 Aug., 1800, Pius VII made him primus custos of the Vatican Library and also prefect of the archives. In Jan., 1805, he was made a cameriere d*onore to the pope.

When the archives of the Curia were carried off to Paris by Napoleon, he accompanied them, and reached Paris, 1 1 April, 1810. After Napoleon's fall the Count of Artois, viceregent and brother of the king, issued a decree on 19 April, 1814, directing the restitution to the Holy See of the archives, of all documents and MSS., and of several other collections. On 28 April the papal conmiissioners, Mgr. de Gre^orio, Mgr. Gae- tano Marini, and his nephew Don Manno Marini. took change of the whole of this property; but before it had reached Rome Gaetano Marini, who had long Ix^en an invalid, died at Paris. He was a scholar of eminent parts, a thorough master of Latin, Greek, and He- Drew; and possessed profound legal knowledge. By choice he took up Questions of natural philosophy; as an archseologist ana historian he is esteemed even to- day. His great work on papyrus records is a standard work on the investigation of papyri. His book on the Arval Brothers of ancient Rome, showed great erudi- tion and brought to light so much that was new, that its appearance created considerable stir. His classifi- eation of five thousand inscriptions, both Christian and heathen, in the Galleria Lapidaria at the Vatican, is a masterpiece, and earned for him the honorary title of "Restorer" of Latin epigraphies [" Inscriptiones (onlv preserved in MS.) christianse Latinse et GrcBcae evi Muliarii conlegit digcssit adnotationibusque auxit Gaictanus Marinus a Bibliotheca Vaticana item a ■criniis s edis apo Btolicg. Dues partes '']. Marini was ~ deriiSiJillHI^ priest. He was distinguished for

'ng for hours before uie Blessed

Sacrament. He went to commtinion three times a week. During his residence in Paris he gave away alms to the extent of 3000 scudi (dollars).

Marino Marini, Deoli. AneddoU di Oaelano Marini: Com- mentario di avo nipote (Rome, 1822); Moroni, DiHonano ii Erudizione Slorico-EeeUaitUica, IV, 286; Marino Hardti. Memorie Storiehe ddC occuptuione e rettituHone dei^i Arekkm deUa S. Sede e dd riacquiMo de' Qodici e Muto NumiamaUeo dd Vaticano e de' ManoacriUi e parte del Mumo di Storia Naiunle di Bohfftia (Rome. 1885). Paul Maria Baxjmqarten.

Marinas I, Pope (882-4).— There is reason for be- lieving that Marinus I was elected on the very day of the death of John VIII (16 Dec, 882), and that he was consecrated without waiting for the consent of the incompetent emperor, Charles the Fat. If the actual date of his election is uncertain, that of his death is still more so; but it was perhaps 15 May, B84. In the seventh century there was a pope, St. ftfartinus I, and, owing to the smiilarity between the names Martinus and Marinus, some cnroniclers called Pope Marinus MarHnus. Hence, some modern historians have errone- ously described the two popes Mannus as Martinus II and Martinus III resi)ectively, and the successor of Nicholas III culled himself Arlartinus IV. Marinus. about whom but little is known^ had a distinguishea career before he became pope. lie was the son of the priest Palumbo, was bom at Gallese, and was attached to the Roman Church at the age of twelve. Leo IV ordained him sub-deacon, and, after he had been made a deacon, he was sent on three important embassies to Constantinople. The second time he went there (869) to preside, as one of the legates of Adrian II, avtt the Eightn General Council. John VIII, who made him Bishop of Caere (Cervetri), treasurer (arearius) of the Roman Church, and archdeacon, despatched him on that mission to Constantinople, which resulted in his imprisonment for his firmness in carr3ring out his instructions. Although a bishop, he was elected to succeed John VIII, whose policy he partly abandoned and partly followed. In the hope of fessening the factions in Rome, he, most unfortunately as the sequel proved, reversed the action of his predeces- sor regarding Bishop Formosus of Porto, whom he absolved from all censures, and permitted to return to Rome. But Marinus vigourously upheld the poli^ of John VIII with regard to Photius, whom he hunseu condemned. Tmsting to get supi>ort from Charles the Fat, he met that useless emperor in 833. But, unable to help himself, Charles could do nothing for others. Marinus sent the pallium to the distinguished FuDc of Reims, and, at the request of King Alfred of England, freed from all taxes the Schola Anghrumf or nead- c}uarters of the English in Rome. Marinus was buried

in the portico of St. Peter's.

Jaffe. Regeata Pont. Rom., I (Leipsig, 1885); Liber PtmUf^ II, cd. Duchesne; Annals of Fulda and other aimali in Man. Germ. Script., I; Dcchesse, The Bemnnino of the Tem o orai Sovereignty Of the Popes (London, 1908), 187 sq.; BIann* lAwea of the Popes tn the Early Middle Ages, III, 353 sqa.

Horace K. BIann.

Marinus II, Pope (942-946), d. in April or liav, 946. A Roman, and a cardinal of the title of &L Ciriacus, he was one of the popes nlaced on the thnvie of St. Peter by the power of Alberic, Prince of the Romans, and who, tnough virtuous ''durst not put their hands to an>^hing without his permission. ** Consequently Marinus II made little impression on the world. In an unassuming manner he worked for re- form — abroad by his legates, at home b^ his own exertions. He also favoured that monastic devel(H>- ment which had already set in, and which through the influence especially of the Congregation of Cluny, was to refomt Europe. He is also said to have devoted himself to the repair of the basilicas, and to the care of the poor.

Jaffk, Regesta Pont. Rom. (2nd ed.); Liber Pon tif., IT. a d. Ddcresne : a few Privileges for monaateries in P. L.. CXXXUI; Mann, Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ag^ IV, 218 ■Q^

Horace K. BiaMN*