Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/713

 MARIANA

660

MARIANA

viva, there was a general congregation for the purpose of expellmg some of the members. Juan Mariana, for a loi^ period at least, was numbered among the dis- satisned and the advocates of change. In the year 1589 Mariana had already prepared a manuscript to defend the order against the attacks of some of his op- ponents; the general, Aqua\iva, was inch'ned to have it published, but as it was desirable not to disturb the momentary calm that had come in Spain, this ** Defen- sorium'* was never printed. Some time later Mari- ana, when internal dissensions prevailed in the order, was engaged in the preparation of a memorial, which it is highly probable he intended to forward to Rome. According to Astrain ("Historia de la compania de J^us", III, 417), it must have been written in 1605. The author took great care of the manuscript; there are no indications that it was ever intended to be pub- lished. But on his arrest in 1610 all Mariana's papers were seized, and in spite of his request nothing was re- turned. After his aeath the memorial was published at Bordeaux by the opponents of the order in 1625 under the title ''Discursus de erroribus qui in forma gubemationis Societatis occurrunt". After the ex- pulsion of the Jesuits from Spain it was often printed again (1468, 1841) in Spanish, and named '^Discorso de los enfermedades de la Compania". Since the publication of all these editions was the work of oppo- nents of the order, there is no guarantee that the origi- nal text had been reproduced whole. Astrain, never- theless, showed (op. cit., Ill, 560, note 3) that the copies of the manuscript which had pa&sed through his hands agreed with the printed work. The original text was thus published without being essentially altered. It is but the effusion of a dissatisfied member of the order. The further development of the order and the further papal confirmation of the principle of the order show Mariana to have been wrong in his criti- cisms, though his subjective culpability is much les- sened by the circuiAstances. He never left the order; and there seems to have been an entire reconciliation in his last years.

iSoMMERVOGEL, Bib. de la Comp. de Jesus (Brussels and Paris, 1894), 1547 sqa;] Casbani, Varones ilustrcs, V, 8H-98; Duhr, JesuUenfabcln (FreiburK, 1899), n. 25; Astrain, Historia de la Compania de Jesus, Hf (Madrid, 1909).

Aug. Lehmkuhl.

Mariana, Archdiocese op (Marianensis), situ- ated in the centre of Minas Geraes, the great mining state of Brazil, is bounded on the north, south, and west respectively by its suffragan sees, Diamantina, Pouso Alegre, uoyaz, and Uberaba. The city of Mariana, formerly Ribeirao do Carmo (population over 6000), established in 1711, lies about seven miles east of Ouro Proto, the former capital of the state. A bishopric was erected there in Deceml:)er, 1745, by Beneaict XIV, the first occupant of the see l^ing Frei Manoel da Cruz (1745-1764), who was translated from the Diocese of Maranhfio. For over a century Mari- ana was the ecclesiastical centre of Minas Geraes. In 1854 some parishes were detached from it to form part of the new Diocese of Diamantina, and others in 19(X) on the establishment of that of Pouso Alegre. In May, 1906, Mariana was made an archdiocese, having

ErevioiLsly been a suffragan of Rio de Janeiro. It em- races an area of 110,(XK) square miles, nearly one-half of Minas Geraes, and contains over 2,(XX),C)(X) Catho- lics, there being only about 2QO0 Protestants, mostly foreigners in the mining centres. It has 311 parishes, and 611 churches or chapels, served by 545 secular and 104 regular priests. The theological s(»minary is under the care of the Lazaristjj. The present occu- pant of the see who is the ninth ordinary' of Mariana and the first archbishop, Mgr. Sil verio Gomes Pimenta, was bom at Conpjonhas do Campo, near the celebrated shrine of Mattosinho.«, on 12 January. 1840: he was or- dained on 20 July. 1862, at Sabani. by Bishop Vic.-oso, and for many years professed history and philosophy

in the diocesan seminary; named coadjutor to the Bishop of Mariana, he was consecrated at Sdo Paulo by the Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro on 31 August, 1890, as Titular Bishop of Camachus in Armenia. On 16 April, 1897, he succeeded to the see on the death of Mgr. Corr^ de Sd y Benevides. Mgr. Pimento is the firet native of Minas Geraes to rule this bishopric, ail his predecessors except Mgr. Benevides, having been Portuguese by birth.

From 1711 till 1897 the capital of the state was at Ouro Preto near Mariana, but it has now been trans- ferred to the new and rapidly growing city of Belle Horizonte, founded in February, 1894. It is situated on the west side of the valley of the Rio das Velhas, and lies 390 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro. It has a population of about 17,615, of whom 17,490 are Catholics. It has five churches, and a college in charge of nuns for the higher education of women. A large cathedral is being erected there. Many laymen and clerics distinguished in science and literature are natives of or have laboured in the Diocese of Mariana. Among them may be mentioned the following; priests: Jos6 &silio da Gama (1740-95), the author of the epic '* Uruguay", a work which unfortunately pays no trib- ute to the labours of the Jesuits, of which body da Gama was a member l>efore the suppression ; Jos^ da Santa Rita Durao (1737-83), a Jesuit born in Infec- gaoado, Minas Geraes, a brilliant novelist and author of the famous poem **Caramuni"; Felix Lisboa, the sculptor; Jos6 Mariano da ConcecySo Velloso (1742- 1811), the great botanist, author of ** Flora Flumi- nese"; Jos^ Corr^a de Almeida, b. 4 September, 1820, at Barbacena; d. there, 5 April, 1905, poet (23 vol- umes published) and historian; Bishop de Sousa, of Diamantina, author of " O Lar Catholieo " and other works well known in Brazil, is also a native of the diocese.

DioGO DE Vabconellas, Historia antiga daa Minas Gents (Bello Horizonte, 1907); Miguel, Cartas sertanejas (Mariana, 1905); Renault, Jndiffcnas de Minas Geraes (Bello Horizont«, 1904); DE Senna, Annuario de Minas Geraes (Bello liorixonte, 1906, etc.); Idem, Notas e chronicas (S&o Paulo, 1907 J.

A. A. MacErlean.

Mariana Islands, Prefecture Apostouc of. — The Marianas Archipelago (also called the Ladrone Islands) is a chain of fifteen islands in the Northern Pacific, situated between 13° and 21° N. I.at. and 144* and 146° E. long. The islands were first discovered in 1521 by Magellan, who called them Las Islas de lot Ladrones (Thieves' Islands) on account of the predilec- tion of the natives for thieving. In 1G67 the Spanish established a regular colony there, and gave the islands the official title of Las Marianas in honour of Queen Maria Anna of Austria. They then possessed a popu- lation of 40-60,000 inhabitants^ but so fierce was the opposition offered to the Spanianls that the natives were almost exterminated lx?fore Spanish rule was made secure. The Marianas remained a Spanish col- ony under the general government of the Philippines until 1898, when, as a result of the Spanish-American War, Guam was ceded to the United States. By Treaty of 12 Feb., 1899, the remaining islands (to- gether with the Carolines) were sold to Germany for about $4, 100,0(X). Guam is 32 miles long, from 3 to 10 miles broad, and about 200 sq. miles in area. Of its total population of 11,490 (11,159 natives), Agana, the capital, contains al>out 7,000. Possessing a good har- bour, the island serves as a United States naval sta- tion, the naval commandant acting also as governor. The products of the island are maize, copra, rice,snjrRr, and valuable timl^er. The remaining islands of tlie archipelago l)elong to the German Protectorate of New Guinea; their total pop\dation is only 2,646 inhf>bi tants, the ten most northerly islands being aotivrly volcanic and iminhabited. The prefecture Apostolic was erected on 17 Sept., 1902, by the Constilutioo