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canopy. Near this on the pillars are several fifteenth century paintings. The abbey^hurch is a masterpiece of Romanesque architecture, and marks a new phase in the history of Grerman architecture, since it is the first columned basilica built with arches (Schippers, in "Christian Art", IV, 1907-1908, 266, in reply to Schmitt, ibid., 1 sq.). Drawings of its architectural features are given in Greier and Uorz, *' Monuments of Roman Architecture on the Rhine" (Frankfort. 1874). The St. Nicholas Chapel in the monastery garden was built during 1756-1766; its tower belongs, however, to the twelfth century. Several tombstones of earUer abbots grace the cloisters of the monastery. Only the portrait in relief of the Abbot Simon von der Leyen (1491-1512) has however any claim to art.

Weoeler. Dcu Ktoater Loach, Oeschichte und Urkunden (Bonn, 1854); Richter, Die Benedikttner- Abtei Maria-Loath (HamburK. 1896); Idem. Die Schriftsteller der Benediktiner- Abtei Maria-Loach in WestdetUache ZeiiaeJirift, XVII (1898). 41

a., 277 sq.; Kniel, Die Benedihtiner- Ahtei Maria-Loach (3rd .. Cologne, 1902). See also bibliography in Studien vnd MiUeUungen aue dem Benedikttner- una Cxatercieneer Orden, IX (1896). 277 sq.

Ildefonbus Herwegen.

MarialeSy X antes, Dominican, b. about 1580; d. at Venice in April, 16(K). He was of a noble Venetian family. At an early age he entered the Dominican convent of Sts. John and Paul. Remarkable for his versatility and prodigious memory, he was soon sent to Spain, where he completed his studies. He first taugnt at Venice, then at Padua where he thrice exer- cised the office of regent. From 1624 onwards he led a most retired life at Venice, devoting his time exclu- sively to prayer, reading, and study. He possessed in a high degree the more kindly and winsome external accomplisnments. In his writings he displayed such zeal for the Holy See that he was twice exiled bv the Venetian senate. At Milan, Ferrara, and Bologna where lie took refuge, he was ercatly esteemed for his learning and holiness. He died at Venice from a stroke of apoplexv. The obsequies were honoured by the presence of the Venetian nobility. Among his works the following are noteworthy: " Controversize ad universam Summam theol. S. Th. Aq. " (Venice, 1624) ; "Amplissimum artium scientiarumque omnium am-

phitheatrum" (Bologna. 1658).

HuRTER, Nomenclator, who summarizes **Scriptoree O. P.", II fParis. 1721). 600; ''Elogium" in "Acta Cajntuli Oeneralia O. Pr (Rome. 1970).

Thos. X K. Reillt.

Maxiana, Juan, author and Jesuit, b. at Talavera, Toledo, Spain, probably in April, 1536; d. at Toledo, 16 February, 1624.

He is one of the most maligned members of the Jesuit order, owing to the opinions expressed in his book " De rege et regis institutione ", on the killing of despots. He joined the order 1 January, 1554. Noth- ing more is known of his parentage or his family his- tory.

It is an evidence of his talent that, as early as 1561, after finishing his studies, he was called by his superi- ors to Rome, where he taught theology for four years. After a further short sojourn in Sicily he occupied the chair of theology in Paris (1569-1574), but was obliged through illness to return to Spain. There he spent a great number of years at Toledo, occupied almost ex- clusively with literary work.

Among his literary labours the most important is undoubtedly his great work on the history of Spain, which is still remembered to-day. There was pub- lished as late as 1854, in Madrid, an improved and richly illustrate edition continued up to that year. The work first appeared as "Historiae de rebus His-

EanisB libri XX,Toleti, typis P. Roderici. 1592'*. A iter edition of the compiler himself, carried on still further, is the "De rebus Hispani® libri XXX", pub- lished at Mainz in 1605. This edition bears the im- primatur of the order for the thirty books, given by

Stephen Hojeda, visitor from Dec., 1598, and of the provincial from 1604. The author had in the mean- time converted the Latin edition into Spanish and this appeared complete, containing the thirhr books of the Latin edition, at Toledo in 1601. This went through a number of editions during the lifetime of the author and through others after his death.

The second work published is that mentioned above, " De Rege et Regis institutione libri III ad Philippum III Hispaniae Re^em CathoUcum, 1 599 ' * . The work was written at the sohcitation of the tutor of the royal princes and at the expense of Philip II (Garcias de Loaysa), but was dedicated to Philip III, who had become kiii^ in the meantime. It was not objected to by the king nor anywhere else in Spain; it was obviously calcu- lated to bring up the king as the true father of his peo- ple and as a pattern of virtue for the whole nation. The Protestant Dr. Leutbecher (Erlangen, 1830) ex- pr^sed his judgment of the book in the following terms: ''Mariana's excellent mirror for kings . . . con- tains more healthy materials for the education of fu- ture kings than any other existing princely mirror, and is worthy of all respect as much from kings themselves, as from their educators. . . . Would that all kings were as Mariana wanted them to be." — ^The book cer- tainly contained a misconstrued observation in favour of the assassination of Henry III of France, and de- fended, though with many restrictions and precau- tions, the deposition and killing of a tyrant. This did not escape the Jesuits in France and they drew the at- tention of the general of the order to it. The general at once expressed his regret, stating that the work had been published without his knowledge and that he would take care that the book should l^ corrected. In 1605 there really appeared a somewhat altered edition at Mainz; to what degree the book had been corrected by the order is hard to discover. Mariana himself had not prepared another edition. But in 1610 a real storm broke loose against the book in France; by the order of Parliament the book was publicly burnt by the hand of the public executioner, while in Spain it continued to enjoy the royal favour. The general of the order forbade membfers to preach that it is lawful to kill despots.

There was still a whole scries of smaller works from the pen of Mariana; many of them are only in manu- script. Some of his published works are not without value in political economy — ^his work, " De ponderibus et mensuris, for example, which appearea at Toledo in 1599 and at Mainz in 1605, and his little  De mone- tae mutatione'', which appeared in a general collection of his works in 1609. In a criticism of this small pub- lication, Pascal Duprat (Sommervogel, V, 562), a French economist, declared as late as 1870 that Mari- ana had set forth the true principles of the money question ^ far better than his contemporaries. This work, however, proved fatal to the author. The fact that he had opposed with genuine courage the depre- ciation of the currency laid him under a charge of treason to the king, and Mariana, then seventy-three years old, was actually condemned to lifelong impris- onment, which took the form of committal to a Fran- ciscan convent. He was only to be allowed freedom shortly before his death.

The vehement character of Mariana, that strove against real or intended wron^, had also its dark side. The period of his old age coincided with a stormy time in the history of the order. In the order, which had just then b^un to flourish, there were a number of members who were not satisfied with the approved principles of the founder and the Holy See, especially as there was a good deal in them that did not corre- spond with the principles of the older orders. Even tne solemn BuUs of Gregory XIII, which again ex- pressly confirmed the points criticised from within and without the order, did not altogether bring quiet, so that in the year 1593, under the government of Aqua-