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in their "treason" or else she was "the most arrant traitress that ever lived '\ In Southampton's custody she was committed to Cowdray Park, near Midhurst, and there subjected to all manner of indignity. In May Cromwell introduced against her a Bill of Attain- der, the readings of which were hurriedly got over, and at the third reading Cromwell produced a white silk tunic found in one of her coffers, which was embroid- ered on the back with the Five Wounds, and for this, which was held to connect her with the Northern Up- rising, she was " attainted to die by act of Parliament , The other charges against her, to which she was never permitted to reply, had to do with the escape from England of her chaplain and the conveying of mes- sages abroad. After the passage of the Act she was removed to the Tower and there, for nearly two years, she was "tormented by the severity of the weather and insufficient clothing". In April, 1541, there was another insurrection in Yorkshire, and it was then determined to enforce without any further procedure the Act of Attainder passed in 1539. On the morning of 28 May (de Marillac; Gairdiier, following Chapuys, says 27) she was told she was to die within the hour. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her; nevertheless she walked calmly from her cell to East Smithtield Green, within the precincts of the Tower, where a low wooden block had been prepared, and

there, by a clumsy novice, she was beheaded.

Db Castillon and db Marillac, Correapondance politique: Morris in The Month (April, 1889); Camm, Lives of the English Martyrs, I (Londoa, 1904), 502 sqqj Gairdnbu in Diet. Nat. Biog.t 8. V. Pole; Gillow, Did. Eng. (Jath., s. v.

Blanche M. Kelly.

Margaritfld (Decreti Decretorum, Decretauum). — ^The canonists of the twelfth and thirteenth cen- turies who taught canon law by commenting on the Decretum of Gratian and on the various collections of the Decretals, gave the most varied forms and diverse names to their treatises. The " Margaritse " are col- lections specially intended to help the memory. In them are arranged, either in alphabetical order or ac- cording to the subject matter, the more important propositions, r^um^, and axioms ; some of them con- sisted of more or less felicitous mnemonic verses. A number of these "Margaritas" have been preserved, but not all the authors are known with certainty. Some of the treatises have been printed with the Decretum or the Decretals. Thus several editions of the Decretum contain the "Modus legendi" in verse, beginning:

CoUi^ versibus quid vult distinctio qusevis, Ut videat quisquis divinum jus hominisque. Another, as yet unpublished, which may be the " Bre- viarium pauperum metrice compilatum", contains in verse the five books of the Decretals and ends thus: •* Hos quinque libros metrice conscribere tempto."

ScHULTE. Geschichte der Quellen des canoniachen Rechts (Stutt- gart. 1875). I. 218; II, 490. 492. 495.

A. BOUDINHON.

Margil, Antonio, b. at Valencia, Spain, 18 August, 1657; d. at Mexico, 6 Aug., 1726. He entered the Franciscan Order in his native city on 22 April, 1673. After his ordination to the priesthood he volunteered for the Indian missions in America, and arrived at Vera Cruz on 6 June, 1683. He was stationed at the famous missionary college of Santa Cruz, i^uer^taro, but was generally engaged in preaching missions all over the country, in Yucatan, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and especially in Guatemala, where he merited the name of Apostle of Guatemala. He always walked barefooted, without sandals, fasted every day in the year, never used meat or fish, and applied the disci- pline as well as other instruments of penance to him- self unmercifully. He slept very little, but passed in prayer the greater part of the night, as well as the time allotted for the siesta. The result was that his efforts for the salvation of Indians and colonists were IX.— 42

crowned with extraordinary success. On 25 June. 1706, he was appointed first guardian of the newly- erected missionary college of Guadalupe, Zacatecas. In 1716 he led a band of three fathers and two lay- brothers into Texas, and founded the missions of Guadalupe among the Nacogdoches, Dolores among the Ays, and San Miguel among the Adays. When the French destroyed these missions, Father Margil withdrew to the Rio San Antonio, and remained near the present city of San Antonio for more than a year. He then returned with his friars to the scene of his former activity, restored the missions, and even gave his attention to the French settlers in Louisiana. In 1722 he was elected guardian of his college and compelled to leave his beloved Indians. At the close of his term of office he resumed missionary work i» Mexico. He died at the capital in the famous Con- vento Grande de San Francisco, in the odour of sanc- tity. Gregory XVI in 1836 declared Father Antonio Margil's virtues heroic.

EspiNOSA, Crdnica ApodrUica y Senifica (Mexico. 1746); ViLAPLANA. Vida del V. P. Fr. Antonio Margil (Madrid, 1775); Arricivita, Crt'mica Scrdfica y Apoatdlica (Mexico, 1792); Soto- MATOR. Hi^ria del Apo8l6lico Colegio de Guadalupe (Zacatecas, 1874); Shea, Catholic Church in Colonial Days (New York, 1886).

Zephyrin Engelhardt.

Margotti, Giacomo, a Catholic publicist, bom 11 May, 1823; died 6 May, 1887. He was a native of San Remo, where his father was president of- the Chamber of Commerce, and there he studied the clas- sics and philosophy, after which he entered the semi- nary of Ventimiglia; in 1845, he obtained the doctor- ate at the University of Genoa and was received into the Royal Academy of Superga, where he remained until 1849. Already in 1848, in company with Mgr. Moreno, Bishop of Ivrea. Professor Audisio, and the Marquis Birago, he had established the daily paper "L'Armonia", which soon had other distin- guished contributors; among them, Rosmini and Slarquis Gustavo, brother of Cavour; the managing editor, however, and the soul of the publication, was Margotti, whose writings combined soundness of phi- losophy and of theological doctrine with rare purity of style, while his ready ability for reply, and the bril- liancy of his polemics made him feared by the sects and by the Sardinian government, which at that moment, in furtherance of its policy of territorial ex- pansion, had entered upon a course of legislation that was hostile to the Church and at variance with the wishes of a great majority of the people. As a result, Margotti underwent frequent trials, and was often subjected to fines and to other impositions; and in 1859^ Cavour suppressed the "L' Armenia". This pubhcation was replaced by "II Piemonte"; but when the period of agitation passed, "L' Armenia" reappeared ; its name was chan^d, however, conform- ably with the wish of Pius IX, on the twenty-fifth of December, 1863, after which date it was called "L'Unit^ Cattolica". On the other hand, Margotti continued to be the object of attacks and of plots, and once, at Turin, an attempt was made upon his life; but nothing intimidated nim; while his journal- istic proficiency was eulogized by the "British Re- view" in its issue for August^ 1865.

For a long time, the opinion of Margotti on ques- tions of Catholic interest had the force of oracle for Italian Catholics; and if he was not the author of the axiom " n^ eletti, n^ elettori " — " be neither elector nor elected " — he, more effectually than any one else, pre- sented its truth to the Catholics, to convince them that, in the face of r(»volutionary triumphs, it was idle to hope for a successful reaction through parliament ; in which he was in accordance with the views of Pius IX, who, in 1868, said to Margotti that Catholics should not go to the ballot-box: " Non si vada alle ume", He was foreign to all sense of personal ag-