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 MABOIAMB 645 BiABOIONim

and his formula "one nature after the union" (jurii riage, the last emperor of the House of Theodoeius I

T^p (puHTiy Ida <ff6int) at Constantinople. Dioscunis The Orthodox have canonized him also, and keep his

of Alexandria had taken up the cause of Eutyches, and feast (with Pulcheria) on 17 February.

had condemned Dyophvsism at the Robber Council of Evagrius, Higt. EccL, U; Tillbmont, Hiatoire de9 Empe-

Ephesus in 449 (for all this see Mongphysitism). TSS^i^J???!*^*^'^*'^^^^;*^,^^'^^^

Pope Leo hoped for a time to restore peace without Z^X]^ii^%^''^r'Tnou^ in'^(i:,^nf 'iso'/)!^!^^^??

another general council (his letters to Marcian, Hsraui, tr. Leclercq, Uiataire des Coneilea, II (Paris, 1908)!

Ixxviii, to Pulcheria, Ixxix, and to the Patriarch Adrian Fobtescub.

Anatolius of CJonstantinople, Ixxx). But meanwhile m*™i^«^ x-x i * t • a e \r

Marcian. acting on Leo's former proposal, summoned a -^ Mardane, a titular see of Ljrcia, suffragan of Myra.

council on 17 May, 451, by lettera addressed to all the l^ ^,F^f^!^.^J^^u.l^''^'ll^J^'^^^^^ ^ w u^®

metropoUtans of the empire. It is clear that he ^""^^ to the twelfth or thirteenth centuries, but it is

acted in a misunderstanding, and had not yet received not mentioned by any author and its situation remams

the pope's later letter (Hefele-I^clercq, II, 639). unknown LeQmen (OrieM christ. J, 983) cites three

Leo th^ accepted what had happened, aid ap- bjshops: Januarius, who attended m 448 the Council

pointed as his legates Paschasinus, Bishop of Lilir- of Constantinople against Eutyches; Augustine who

t»um m Sicily,llnd a priest Boniface (ep. bcxxix; signed in 459 the synodal decree of Gennadius of Con-

Mansi, VI, 125). The council was to have met at ^^^^''^ ^^^ITl^^'^T^'^A Marcian who signed m

Nic»a; many bishops had already arrived there in the ^^^-^^ ^ecretal letter of the Council of Constantmople summer of 451, when the to wait till he could join them 553). He was busy at the fr<

ranging its defence against the Huns. The bishops Marcianopolis. a titular see in Lower Moesia, on

wrote to complain of the delay, and Marcian answered the right bank of the Danube, so called by Trajan

their letter telling them to go to Chalcedon, opposite after his sister Marciana ( Amm. Marcellmus, XX VII,

the capital on the other side of the Bosphorus (Mansi. 2) and previously known as Parthenopolis. Eir.peror

V, 657); in this way he could attend to the coimcii Claudius II repeatedly repulsed the Uoths near this

without leaving Constantinople. town (Trebellius Pollio, *' Claudius ",9 ; ZQsimus, 1, 42) ;

The council opened in the church of St. Euphemia Valens made it his winter Quarters in 368 and succeed- at Chalcedon on 8 October, 451, and lasted till I ing years (Amm. Marcel!., XXVII, 5; Theophanis, November. About 600 bishops attended. The im- "Chronographia". a. m. 6859, 5860, 6861). In 687 penal commissioners were present and regulated the it was sacked by the kine of the Avars, and at once re- exterior business at each session. The papal legate, taken by the Romans (Theophanis, *'Chronographia", Paschasinus, opened the council. Marcian and Pul- a. m. 6079). The Roman army quartered there in cheria assisted at the sixth session (25 October). The 596 before crossing the Danube to assault the Avars emperor opened the proceedings that day with a (op. cit., a.m. 6088). Marcianopolis was the home of speech in Latin (Mansi, VII, 129). One notices that many saints or martyrs, e. g., St. Meletina, whose feast what was still the official language of the empire was is kept on 15 Sept., and whose remains were carried to used on specially solemn occasions. His speech was I^enmos; St. Alexander, martyred imder Maximianus, then repeated in Greek. At this session the decree of and whose feast is kept on 2 Febr. Saints Maximus, the council was read (see Chalcedon). On 27 Feb- Theodotus, Asclepiodotus, martyred at Adrianople ruary, 452, Marcian, together with his Western col- underMaximianus,and whose feast is kept on 15 Sept., league, Valentinian III (423-455), made a lawenforc- were bom at Marcianopolis. The "Ecthesis" of the ing the decree and canons of the council as the law pseudo-Epiphanius (c. 640) gives the Metropolitical of the empire, and threatening heavy penalties See of Marcianopolis in the Balkans five suffragans against all who disputed them. Marcian alone re- (Gelzer, '* Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitise Epis- peated the same law on 13 March (Mansi, VII, 475- copatuum", 542). The "Notitia Episcopatuum " of 480). The famous twenty-eighth canon (giving Con- the Armenian cleric, Basil (c. 840) confirms this (Gel- stantinople rank immediately after Rome) and the zer, "GeorgiiCypriidescriptio orbisromani'', 25). Oa pope's protest against it caused further correspon- the other hana Marcian opoUs is not mentioned in the dence between him and the emperor and empress "Notitia" of Leo the Wise (c. 900), nor in that of (Ep. LeonisI.,cv, cvi; Mansi, VI, 187, 195), but did not Constantine Porphyrogenitus (c. 940), because the disturb their good relations. Marcian's laws pro- region had at that time been overrun oy the Bulga- duced uniformity at Constantinople and in the neigh- rians. Le Qaien (Oriens Christ., I, 1217-1220) men- bourhood of the Government, but he could not en- tions many bishops of Marcianopolis and Preslau, er- force them so successfully in Syria and Egypt. The roneously identifying these two towns. The Preslau rest of his reign was troubled by the revolution in these of the Middle Ages remains Preslau to this day, and provinces, which remained one of the chief difficulties his Marcianopolis is now the village of Devna, a little of the Government under his successors for two cen- to the west of Varna in Bulgaria. This name imder turies. Marcian made no concessions towards the the form Diabaina is mentioned by Pachymeros on Syrian and Egyptian Monophysites. His Govern- account of something that took place there in 1280 ment carried out the deposition of Dioscurus, and an (De Michaele Palaeologo, VI, 49). edict of 28 July, 452, insisted under heavy penalties Farlati, /Wyricufn Sacrum. VIII, 85-105; Tomabchex. Zur on the recognition of Proterius, the Orthodox Patri- ^""^ ^ Hmmua-IIalbinsd (Vienna, 1887). 28 arch of Alexandria. A large force (2000 soldiers) was °* ^^^*^- sent to Egypt. It was not until after Marcian's death Marcionites. — Heretical sect founded in a. d. 144 that a party at Constantinople under Aspar and Ana- at Rome by Marcion and continuing in the West for tolius began to compromise with the heretics. 300 years, but in the East some centuries longer, espe-

In the year 453 Attila died. It is said that Marcian cially outside the Byzantine empire. They rejected the dreamed, at the moment of Attila's death, that he saw writings of the Old Testament and taught that Christ the bow of his great enemy broken. The Empress was not the Son of the god of the Jews, but the Son of Pulcheria died in the same year. She is canonised the good God, who was different from the god of the by both Catholics and Orthodox; her feast is on 10 Anciciiit Covenant. They anticipated the more con- September in both calendars. Marcian survived his sistent dualism of Manichteism and were finally ab- wife four years. The end of his reign was occupied sorbed by it. As they arose in the very infancy of by the increasing troubles in Egypt. He was huc- Christianity and adopted from the l)eginning a strong ceeded by Leo I (457-474). Marcian was, by nuir- ecclcsiasticul organization, parallel to that of tlveC^W