Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/696

 MABOHAItr 6-

U. M&rch&nd was ohoaen to succeed turn. It waa during H. Marchond'a adminiatration In 1801, that Ii^. D«ukUt, Bishop of Quebecj made the firat episcopal visi- tation recorded in thepansh, and confirmed some five hundred peraoDH. He at the same time gave H. Harchand an assistant in the person of Rev. F^lix Gratien, who was recalled in 1^06 to fill the chair of pbiloaophy in the Quebec Seminary. M. Marchand toiled on, unaided for the most part, for ail but thirty years, and died abhis post among his beloved Indians.

TAKaCAT, Appertain Otnfnd dti CUrgt CaruuHtn; HiranBr- Latocb, Ann-uairt dr VUlx Mant.

AsTHCR Edwabd Jongs.

Hardumt, Peter, theologian, b. at Couviu, a vil- lage in the principality of Lifige, in 1585; d. at Ghent, 11 Nov., 1661. His brother James Vbs the author of the well-known work "Hortus Paatorura", Peter entered the Franciscan Order in 1601. He led an austere life and was a strict observer of the Fianciscan Rule. He acquired a profound knowledge of Scholas- tic philosophy and theology and for several years taught in the schools of his order. In 1G25 he was elected definitor general of the order at the genera! chapter held in Rome; and in lfi39 was appointed commissBiy geaeral over the provinces of Germany, Belgium, Holland, Great Britain, and Ireland. Ilis duties as commissary general brought him into con- tact with Irish politics during the troublesome times of the "Confederation of Kilkenny", Unfortunately he allowed himseu to be deceived by false reporta on the true state of affairs in Ireland and he took sides with the Ormond- ists and gave en- couragement to Peter Walah and his supporters in their opposition to the nuncio Rinac- cini. He was called upon by the au- thorities of the order to justify his conduct in con- ncKJon with the Irish question, and in 1661 he ad- dressed to the gen- eral chapter Uien assembled in Rome hia apologia under the title of " Relatio veridica et sincera status Provinciae Hibemis ", etc. This is a very rare book, as it waa never widely circulated and was condemned by the general chapter and ordered to be destroyed.

Marchant waa a voluminous author, Hia chief work is "Tribunal Sacramentale" (3 vols., Ghent, 1642; Antwerp, 1673), for the use of confessors. It contains a fuU exposition of moral theology. He puts aside all disputed opinions, and simply states the doctrinal teaching of the Church, drawing hia proofa from Edy Scripture, the dccisiona of councils, the constant tradi- tion of the Church, and the writings of the saints. The treatise on Probabilism is lucid and complete. Ita principlea are in accordance with the restrictions placed on the doctrine later on by the decrees of Alex- ander VII and Innocent XI; and in many points is identical with the doctrine subsequently propounded by Daniel in hia refutation of the "Lettres Provin- cialea". Marchant wrote sevenl worka on the oultua of St. Joseph. His work intituled "Ssncti6catia9, Joseph Spons) Virginia in utero asserts" (Bi d.), was placed ■■ > ■ •"■» ■ -■""-

n the Index, 19 March, 1633. &alao

wn>t« " Baoulus Pastoralis aive Potestas flpiscoporura in Regulares exemptoa ab originibus aula espUcata" (Bruges, 1638); Resolutiones notabiles variorum casuumet gusstionumamultishactenuadestderatffi" (Antwerp. 1655), Many of hia works are on the his- tory and legislation of the Franciscan Order.

WADDDfo-SBAnALEX^m'stsru Ord. Uin. (Rome, 1806); JOANHU \ 3. Ant,, Bibtieaeea Univ. Francitama (Hadrid, 1732); FoPFi»(B, BMioUuea BOgica (BiubhIs, 1739); Dirks, Hidoirt liatnart, etc, (Antwerp, ISSS): ConUmporani fTuMv of Affairtinlnland, ad. GlI^Ka,T IDahUu. 1870-60),

Gbbgory Cleaht,

Haicheai, Pomfeo, a Lombard sculptor of the neo- classic school, b. at Saltrio, near Milan, 7 August, 1790; d. at Milan, 6 February, 1858. He studied in Rome under Canova and ret^ived much encourage- ment from his master. The greater part of his life waa spent in ^lilan, where for many years he waa profeasor of aeutpture at the Academy. He executed a gi«at number of groups in marble and portrait buata. One of his earliest works was a colossal statue of St. Am- brose, patron of the city- for the Arco della Faos (Simplon commemorative arch), completed 1838, he made the relieta of Terpsichore and Venus Urania. He decorated the facade of the Castillo with twelvo figures of great Italian captains, and that of the Palauo Saporiti with reliefs in modern classic style. One of his best-known compositions is the group of the "Mater Dolorosa", in the church of San Carlo, at which he laboured many yeai^. Works outside of Milan are the colossal statue of Charles Emmanuel III at N»> vara; that of Philibert Emanuel of Savoy at Turin; the sitting figure of Goethe for the library at Frank- tort; two statues of the Emperor Francis I of Austria, one made with the assistance of Manfredoni, for Goritz, and another, unasaisled, for the Hofburg at Vienna. He also executed the monument to Volta at Como; the monument of the aingerMalibmn; others to Beccaria and Ilellini and a bust of Professor Zuccala for the Alheneum of Bergan

M. L. H ANOINT.

Marchi, Giusbpfe, archxologist, b. at Tolmezzo nearUdine, 22Feb,, 1795; d, at Rome, 10 Feb., 1850. He entered the Society of Jesus at Home 12 Novem- ber, 1814, shortly after the re-eatabilshment of the order and was professor of humanities successively in the colleges of Temi, Reggio-Emitia, Modena, and St. Andrew of the Quirinal. After completing his couna and making his religious profession (1833) he became professor ^ rhetoric in the Roman College and held this position until 1842. Meanwhile, he devoted hil leisure to study, applying himself throueh choice to profane antiquities. In 1838 he waa made prefect of the Kircher Museum which office he retained until his death. He soon gave special attention to Christian antiquities, hoping thus to find a means of restoring Christian art. In 1840 he announced his intention at collecting into one large publication the monuments of Christian architecture, painting, and sculpture. His archsological pursuits recommended him to Gregory XVI aa qualified to succeed Settete in the position ot "Conservatore dei sacri cimiteri di Roma" (1842). About this time Marchi made the acquamtance of youthful Giovaimi Battista Dc Rossi, who accepted him as master and thenceforth accompanied him on his visits to the catacombs. These ancient cemet«riea had been deplombly abandoned but thereafter were more accessible and could be studied on the ground. In 1844 AUrchi published the first volume of his "Monument)", devoted to the construction of the catacombs, especially that of St. Agnes, He proved the Christian origin of these ancient burial-places and, through his studies, was brought about (21 March, 1S45] the discovery of the crypts of Saints Peter and HyacinUi in the catacomb of St. Hennea. ToD«