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 liANtJSOBIPTS

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HANtJSORIPTS

in inscriptione; p, ^, ^, and at times v were prolonged above or below the line. Words were not separated; neither accents nor punctuation marks were used; paragraphs were marked off only by a very small la- cuna; the letters were uniform and artistic; ligatures were used onlv for th£_most ordinary words — ic ('I^ CHP (p), OYNOC

(o^pai^f). In the sixth century, began a decadence of the elegant uncial writing. Twists and turns were given to certain letters. In the seventh cen- tury, more letters received flourishes; accents and breathings were introduced; the writing leaned to the right, (b) Minuscules. — While uncials held sway in Biblical MSS., minuscules were employed in other works. During the ninth century, both uncial and minuscule MSS. of the Bible were written. The latter show a form of writing so fully developed as to leave no doubt about its long standing use. The letters are small, connected, and written with a running hand. After the tenth century, minuscules were used until, in the fifteenth century, MSS. were superseded by print.

(2) Old Testament MSS.— (a) LXX.— There are three families of LXX MSS., — the Hexaplaric, Hesy- chian, and Lucianic. MSS. of Origen's Hexapla (q. v.) and Tetrapla were preserved at Csraarea by his disciple Pamphilus. Some extant MSS. (v. g. M and Q) refer in scholia to these gigantic works of Origen. In the fourth century, Pamphilus and his disciple Eusebius of Ccesarea reproduced the fifth column of the Hexa- pla, i. e. Origen's Hexaplaric LXX text, with all his critical si^s. This copy is the souree of the Hexa- plaric family of LXX M^. In course of time, scribes omitted the critical signs in part or entirely. Pas- sages wanting in the LXX, but present in the Hebrew, and conseouently supplied by Origen from either Aqjuila or Theodotion, were hopelessly commingled with passa^s of the then extant LXX. Almost at the same time two other editions of the LXX were

Eublished — those of Hesychius at Alexandria and of ucian at Antioch. From these three editions the ex- tant MSS. of the LXX have descended, but by ways that have not yet been accurately traced. Veiy few MSS. can be assigned with more than probabih^ to one of the three families. The Hexaplaric, Hesy- chian, and Lucianic MSS. acted one upon the other. Most extant MSS. of the LXX contain, as a result, readings of each and of none of the great families. The tracing of the influence of these three great MSS. is a work yet to be done by the text-critics.

(i) Papyrus. — About sixteen fra^ents on papyrus are extant. Of these, the moat important are: (o) Oxyrhyncus Pap. 656 (early third cent.), containing parts of Gen., xiv-xxvii, wherein most of the great vellum MSS. are wanting. (/3) British Museum Pap. 37, at times called U (seventh cent.), containing part of Psalms (Hebrew) x-xxxiii. (7) A Leipzig Pap. (fourth cent.) containing Psalms xxix-liv. These two Psalters give us the text of Upper Egypt. (3) A Heidpllxjrg Pap. (seventh cent.) containing S^ach., iv, 6-Mal., iv, 5. (e) A Berlin Pap. (fourth or fifth cent.) containing about thirty chapters of Genesis.

(ii) Vellum Uncial. — Parsons collated 13 imcial and 298 minuscule MSS. of the LXX; the former he desie- nat<»d with Roman numerals, I-XIII, Hie latter with Arabic numbers, 14-311 (cf., *'V. T. Grsecimi cum Variis Lectionibus'*, Oxford, 1798). Lagarde desig- nated the uncials by Roman and Greek capitals. This designation is now generally accepted (cf . Swete, " In- troduction to the Old Testament in Greek", Cam- bridge, 1902, 148).

M — S, Cod. SinaiHcus (q. v.) (fourth century; 43 leaves at Leipzig, 156 together with N. T. at St. Petersburg) contains fragments of Gen. and Num. : I Par., ix, 27-xix, 17; Em., ix. 9-end; Esth.; Tod.;

Judith; landlVMach.; Isa.; Jer.; Lam., i, 1-ii, 20; Joel; Abd.-Mal.; the Poetical Books; the entire New Testament; the Epistle of Barnabas and part of the "Shepherd" of Hennas. The text is mixed. In Tobias it differs much from A and B. Its origin is doubtful. Two correctors (C» and Cb) are of the seventh centurv. Ca tells us at the end of Esth. that he compared tiiis MS. with a very early copy, which Pamphilus testified had been taken from and corrected according to the Hexapla of Origen.

A, or Cod. Alexandrtnua (q. v.) (fifth century; in British Museum) contains complete Bible (excepting Ps. 1, 20-lxxx, 11, and smaller lacunae) and includes deuterocanonical books and fragments, the apocry- phal III and IV Mach., also I and II Clem. Its origin IS Egyptian and may be Hesychian. It differs much from B, especially in Judges. Two scribes wrote the MS. The corrector belonged to about the same time.

B^ or Cod. Vaticanua (q. v.) (fourth century; in the Vatican) contains complete Bible. The Old Testa- ment lacks Gen., i, 1-xlvi, 28; I and II Mach.; por- tions of II Kings, ii; and Psalms, cv-cxxxvii. The New Testament wants Heb., ix, 14; I and II Tim.; Titus.; Apoc. Its origin is iiower Egyptian. Hort thinks it akin to the text used by Origen in his Hex- apla.

C, or Cod. EphrcBtni Rescnptus (q. v.) (fifth century palimpsest; in National Library, Paris) contains 64 leaves of Old Testament; most of Eccl.; parts of Ecclus.; Wisd.; Prov. and Cant.; 145 out of 238 leaves of NiBW Testament.

D, or The Cotton Genesis (fifth century; in British Museum) contains fragments of Gen.: was almost de- stroyed by fire in 1731, but had been previously studied.

E, or Cod. Bodleianus (ninth or tenth century; in Bodl. Libr., Oxford) contains Heptateuch, fragments.

F, or Cod. Ambrosianus (fifth century; at Milan) contains Heptateuch, fragments.

G, or Cod. Satravianus (fifth century; 130 leaves at Leyden, 22 in Paris, one in St. Petersburg) contains the Hexaplaric Octateuch (fragments) with some of the asterisks and obeli of Origen.

H, or Cod. PetropolUanus (sixth century; in Im- perial Libr., St. Petersburg) contains portions of Numbers.

I. or Cod. Bodleianus (ninth century; in Bodl. Libr., Oxford) contains the Psahns.

K, or Cod. Lipsiensis (seventh century; in Univ. of Leipzig) contains fragments of Heptateuch.

L, or The Vienna Genesis (sixth century; in Imperial Libr., Vienna) contains incomplete Genesis, written with silver letters on purple vellum.

M, or Cod. Coislinianus (seventh century; in Na- tional Library, Paris) contains Heptateuch and Kings.

N-V, or Cod. Basiliano-Venettis (eighth or ninth

century; partly in Venice and partly in Vatican) con-

, tains complete Cren., Ex., and part of Lev., and was

used with B in the critical edition of LXX (Rome,

1587).

O, or Cod. Dtiblinensis (sixth century; in Trinity College, Dublin) contains fra^ents of Isaias.

Q, or Cod. Marchalianus (sixth oentmy; in Vatican) contains Prophets, complete; is very important, and originated in Eg5rpt. The text is proDablv Hesv- chian. In the margins are many readings from' the Hexapla; it also gives manv Hexaplaric signs.

R, or Cod. Veronensis (sixth century; at Verona) contains Or. and Lat. Psalter and Canticles.

T, or Cod. Zxtriceneis, the Zurich Psalter (seventh century) shows, with R, the Western text; silver let- ters, gold initials, on purple vellum.

W, or Cod. Parisiensis (ninth century; in National Library, Paris) contains fragments of Psalms.

X, or Cod. VoHcanus (ninth century; in Vatican) co»^ tains the Book of Job.