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cil of Geneva or the Swiss Federal Council, and Mer- millod was I^tnished from Switserland by a decree of 17 February, 1873. When the Holy See condemned this measure, the Government answered on 12 De- cember, 1873, by expelling the papal nuncio. After Bishop Marilley had resigned his diocese (1879) Moh- sign ir Cossancicy, provost of the theological seminary at Fribourg, was elected Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva, and after his death, Mermillod. Thus the Apostolic Vicariate of Geneva was given up, the con- flict with the Government ended, and the decree of ex- pulsion ai^nst Mermillod was revoked. When, in 1890, Leo XIII made Mermillod a cardinal, he removed to Rome. The Holy See then appointed the present bishop, Monsignor Joseph Deruas, and he was conse- cratea at Rome, 19 March^ 1890, by his predecessor. Mgr. Denial was bom 13 May, 1826, at Choulex in the Cfuiton of Geneva, studied theology at Fribourg and Annecy, and was ordained priest in 1850. For a time he was vicar at Grand Sacconex, near Geneva, and then cur^ at Rolle, in the Canton of Vaud, and at Lau- sanne. He was present at the Vatican Council with Bishop Marilley. As bishop he worked in the spirit of conciliation, and was successful in remedying the ills of the KuUurkampf in the Canton of Geneva.

Statistics. — ^The present Diocese of Lausanne-Geneva comprises the Cantons of Fribourg, Geneva, Vaud, and Neuchfttel, with the exception of certain parishes on the right bank of the Rhone belonging to the Diocese of Sion (Sitten). According to Bticni (see bibliog- raphy) and the ''Dictionnaire g^graphique de ia Suisse" (Neuch&tel, 1905), III, 49 sqq., the diocese numbers approximately 434,049 Protestants and 232,- 056 Catholics; conseauently, the latter form some- what more than one-tnird of the whole pjopulation of the bishopric The Catholics inhabit principallv the Canton ot Fribourg (excepting the Lake District) and the country parishes transferred to Geneva in 1815, four communes in the Canton of Neuchdtel, and ten in the Canton of Vaud. The Catholic population in the Cantons of Fribourg and Geneva consists princi- pally of farmers, in both the other cantons it is also recruited from the labouring classes. The Catholics are distributed among 193 parishes, of which 162 are allotted to Lausanne, 31 to Geneva. The number of secular priests is 390, those belonging to orders 70. llie religious orders and congregations are almost en- tirely in the Canton of Friboure. The Capuchins have numasteries at Fribourg and Bulle, and hospices at Romont and Landeron; since 1861 the Carthusians have been in possession of their old convent of Val- Sainte, suppressed in the eighteenth century. The Franciscans conduct the German classes in the Fri- bourg G3rmnasium. The Marists and the Congre^ tjon of the Divine Saviour (Societas Divini Salvatons) have establishments at Fribourg. The female congre- gations represented in the diocose are: Cistercians at Maigrauge, near Frilxnirg, and Fille-Dieu, near Romont; Dominicans at Estavayer: Sisters of Charity (Hos- pital Sisters) at Fribourg, Estavayer, and Neuch&tel, (Theodosians of the Holy Cross) at FViboure, Uebers- torf, St. Wolfgang and Neuchdtel, (of St. V/ncent de Paul) at FrilySurg, Chatel-St-Denis, Billens, and Ta- fers; Capucines at Montoi^, near Fribourg. The Visitandmes and the Ursulines conduct each a girls' scho(d at Fribourg; the Teaching Sisters of ^e Holy Cross, of Menzingen and Ingenbohl, conduct several schools for girls (among them the Academy of the Holy Cross at Fribourg attached to the university); they are also employed as teachers in maiw of the village Bchods. The Filles de I'CEuvre de St. Paul (not properly religious) have, among other works, a Cath- olic bookstore at Fribourg, and a well-arranged print- ing house. Among the more important educational establishments of the diocese, besides those alr^Eidy meotionedi are: the University of Fribourg [see F^- aouBO OSwimncLAKD), U nivjbhhi ' it op}; the theo-

logical semmary of St. Charles at Fribourg, with seven ecclesiastical professors; the cantonal school of St. Michel, also at Fribourg, which comprises a German and French gymnasium, a Realschule (corresponding somewhat to the English first-grade schools) and commercial school, as well as a lyceum, the rector of which is a clergyman. This school has at present (1910) about 8(KI pupils, with 40 ecclesiastical and as many lay professors. Three other cantonal univer- sities exist in the diocese: Geneva (founded b}r Calvin in 1559, and in 1873 raised to the rank of a imiversity with five faculties); Neuchdtel (1866, academ}^; 1909, university); Lausanne (1537, academy; university since 1890, with five faculties). Geneva and Lau- sanne both have cantonal Protestant theological faculties, Neuchdtel a "Faculty de th^logie de T^- glise ind^pendante de T^tat". For the government of the diocese there are, besides the bishop, two vicars- general, one of whom lives at Geneva, the other at Fribourg. There are, moreover, a provicariua gene" raliSf who is also chancellor of the diocese, and a secre- tary. The cathedral chapter of Lausanne (with 32 canons) was suppressed at the time of the Reforma- tion, and has never been re-established, in consequence of which the choice of a bishop rests with the Holy See. In 1512 Julius II established a collegiate chapter in the chureh of St. Nicholas at Fribourg, which is im« mediately subject to the Holy See, with a provost appointed by the Great Council, also a dean, a cantor, and ten prebends. This collegiate church takes the place of the diocesan cathedral, still lacking, since the cathedral of St. Pierre at Geneva and that of Notre Dame at Lausanne were given over to Protestantism at the time of the Reformation.

Besides works cited under CALViNTsif and Fribourg. see:— On Lausanne, Scbmxtt, Mimoirea hiatoriqtiea aurU diocese de Latuanne, ed. Ubemaud in Mimorial de Fribourg^ V, VI (Fri* bouiK, 1858-59): Qenoud, Lee Sainle de la Suieee fran^aiee (Bar-le-Duc, 1882); Deluon, DitiionfMire hiet. et etcUiet. dee paroieeee com. du canton de Fribourg (13 vols., Fribourg, 1884— 1903); SscRirrAN. Hiet. de la cathidrale de Laueanne (Lausanne, 1889); Ddprac, La Cathidrale de Laueanne (Lausanne, 1906); Stammler, Der Domechatz von Laueanne (Bern, 1894), French tr. by Qallbt (Lausanne, 1902); BOchi, Die kath. Kirche in der iSchwtixJiMvanchf 1902), 56-67; Doxjuerqxjk, Laueanne au tempa de la Riformatton (Lausanne, 1903); Holder, Lee Vieitee j^aetoralee dane le dioekee de Laueanne depute la fin du 16* eiicle ^uequ'h vera le milieu du 19* eUcle (FribourK, 1903); Bbsson, Kecherchea aur lee oripinee dee ivichie de Oentve^ Laueanne, Sion et leura j^emiera titulairee juequ*au didin du 6* eilcle (Fribouiis and Pans, 1906) (contains a copious bibliography, pp. 230-44); Idrii, Contribution a VhiUoire du dioc^ae de Laueanne eoue la domination franque, 634-888 (Fribourg, 1908); Directorium Di' (Bceeie Laueanneneie et Oeneveneie in annum 1910 (Fribourg, 1910).

On Geneva, cf. the older literature in Chbyauer, Topo-Bibl,, 1284 sqq. Also, Fleubt, Hietoire de Viglise de OenHe (3 vols., Geneva, 1880-81) : Lafrabse, Etude eur la liturgie dane Vancien diodee de OenHe (Geneva and Paris, 1901); Duchesne, Faetee ipieoopavx de Cancienne Oaule, I (2nd ed.. Pans, 1907), 226 sqq.; De Girard, Le Droit dee catfuniquea romaine de Qen^ve au buaoet dee euUee (Geneva, 1907); De la Rive, La Siparation de VEgliee H de VEtat h OenHe (Paris, 1909); Martin, La Situa* tion du catholicieme ii Geneve 1816-1907 (Lausanne, 1909); S[peiser], Genf und die katholieche Kirche im 19. Jahrhunderi repuL.'ihed from the Neuen Zarcher Nachrichten (1909), nos. 344,346.

Gregob Reinholo.

Lamon, Jean de, fourth governor of Canada, b. at Paris, 1583; d. there, 16 Feb., 1666. He was the son of Francois de Lauzon and IsabcIIe Lotin. In 1613 he was councillor of the Parlement of Paris; master of petitions (1623); appointed by Cardinal Richelieu In- tendant of the Company of New France, he was lauded by Champlain for obtaining the restoration of Quebec taken by the Kertk brothers (1629). Lau- zon's position enabled him to secure for his sons Im- mense domains in Canada, including the seigniories of Lauzon (opposite Quebec), de la Citi^re, with sixty leagues of frontage on the right shore of the St. Law- rence, and the Island of Montreal, later ceded to La Dauversidre, one of the foimders of Ville Marie. His important office and services merited him a good recep- tioQ as governor (1651). Times were critical. Lanaocu