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period follow the traditioiu of C«rlovingian illumi- tween the Bodleian Library, the Biblioth^ue Nation- natioD, but they are eveu more complex and the ale (rf Paris, and the Britiah Museum. The Psalter of human figure ■■■■iinwi an inereaflingly important Ingeburg (Huafe Condd at Cbantill;^) and that of Sts.

plAoe. S<nite o! them are ful. length portTftits of prophets orapoBtlee; in othera complete scenes (battles, besieged cities, etc.) aredeveloped in the midst of pillars. The great differ- ence between this and the Car- lovingian period lies in the ap- pearance of naturalism and of anachrooism (prophets with pointed shoes, etc.). Lastly there ate many points of re- semblance between the develop- ment of miniature painting and that of other arts of dcilgn. The abort and badly drawn figures were succeeded, at the end of the twelfth century, bv more slender portraits whicn resemble the elongated statues of Charties. Such ia the char- acter of the ornamental school which produced innumerable works in France, Germany, Northern Italy, Spaij

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Louis and Blanche <rf Castile (Arsenal Library) belong by their ornamentation to the monastic art of the twelfth century. On the other hand new tendencies appear in the worlLS of the second half of the thirteenth century, e. g. the Evangeliarium of the Saint«- Chapelle (Bib. Nat.), the two Psalters of St. Louis (Paris, Bib. Nat., and collection rms the framework for these ' vignettes. The gold back- grounds are almoet always cov' I ered with designs, sometimes in relief. Instead of foliage and fantastic animals the hu* man figure holds the predomi- painting as in the sculpture

aeriiKint - FnTud Bible (7CII centucT)

the Two Biciliee. (Here it is difficult to trapse the nantplace. ^.. „

boundary between Western miniature painting and of the thirteenth century may be observed the li_ the Bysantine which made its influence felt in the gress of realism and the exact obitervation of the living workrooms of Monte Cassino and especially in the model. ■ These beautiful miniatures of the Books m

beautiful paintings of the rolls — -— — - Hours revive for us with their

--'ning the toxtof the "Ex- | ...... JIIS'WI^ i| still admirable eoloure the coe^

ullet" of Holy Saturday.) Also worthy of mention is an attempt of the Cistercians to infuse more

at Clteaux, in which gold and painting were replaced by a calligraphic decoration in perfect taste. There is an intimate rela- tion between this severe elegance and Cistercian architecture.

.ThirU^nth Ciniu™.— In the thirteenth century iuumination, like calligraphy, ceased to be the specialty of the monasteries. Id France and about the Univer-

minated MSS. spread more and more, and important studios of illuminators arose, the heads of which often furnished sketches of miniatuivs to be executed. On the other hand the illumina- tions took a more and more im- portant place at the expense of the text. Tbe artists were no longer satisfied with ornamented initials, but in a series of medal- lions arran)^ like those deco- rating the stained glass windows they developed whole cycles of sacred or profane history. There were then composed Rcture Bibles " made up of a continuous series of miniatures (Bible of Sir Thomas Philippe), or "SermiiiAi itwffll moniiW: iniCfliB-Otmif .itui ftanrl'mnifirin.d.ilijn.'iicili.l tiui'Ti 4ii!Dnin1iuiiuiianiiu^i]rnlteiVi''( nxtmrun.^ni'i.aBMcu. *

flMila tciit>lui0ii Qu* Brwn.1 or St. Jauks From ChrBuiit-Ferruid Bibia (XII caaturyl

each verse of Scripture the" literal, symbolical, and same period the I moral interpretations. This immense work, which mu*t markaole works have eontamed 5000 figures, has not reached us com- plete. AMS.inSvols.ofaSermoD Bible isdividedbe-

tumes of the contemporaries of St. Louis and Philip the Fair. Such is the style which hence- forth dominates French mini- ature painting and which speed- ily spread throughout Europe, especially Ed gland.

Early FourUenlh Century. — This period is represented chiefly by the Parisian illuminator Jeao Pucelle, whose name has been discovered on several HSS. One of the most beautiful <d his works is the Breviary of Belleville (Bib. Nat.Ut. 104S3-S4), executed in collaboration with Mabiet Anoe- let and J. Chevrier. The new school was remarkaUe for its borders, formed of wonderful

S»riwKls of interlaoed fcdiage and ewers, no longer eonvvntiooal as f ormedy, but copied from na- ture. Between the border and tbet«

■ piper pla^g for dancing p^s- ants, or animals, birds, monkeys,

sculptured paneb of the oathe- drali of the same period. Tmeesof Italian inspiration appear in the architecture, which is of a mixed Gothic character. Among the works of this school the " Bo<^ of the Miracles of Our Lady" (Seminary of Soissons) is one of the most exquisite. During the D^ish miniaturists produced re- "Oueen Mary's Psalter"