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calligraphy simikr to those of Ireland, with more posed for ■overeigns, whose portmits were piesentod marked traces of ancient art (abaence of interiaciiiiis Dathe6ntpageinalItheirro^apparel;theyBreoft«D which were replaoed by garlands, sturdy foliage, etc.). Burraunded by allegorical figures borrowed from antiq- As an example may be mentioned the ini^ of the uity. Beside these full-paee paintings we find above Burgundian p^ all in these KSB. beautiful initials of extraordinarv pyri of Geneva, variety; Irish interlacings alone or oombined witn sixth century antique foliage, purely loomorphic initials, etc. Tbe niomihea of St. principal MSS. of this period are: the Evangeliary of Avitus). A cele- Godescalc, made for Charlemagne. 781-83 (Paris), brated Bible, the t«xt in gold letters on purple gronna with a decorative > ornamentation of framework which is different on each page; Bibles of which remains a Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans (Paris and Le Puy); problem, must be Evangeliary of Charlemagne (Vienna) ; Bibles rf considered apart. Alcuin (Zurich, Bamberg, ValUcella, Touia); Bibles This is the famous of Charles the Bald (Paris); Sacramentary (rf Drogo MB, of St. Gatien (Paris); Sacramentary of Gellone (Paris), has ini- atTours.Htoienby tials uniquely formed with fishes or birds; Evanoeli- Libri about 1846, ary of Lothaire (Paris); Bible of St. Martial of and returned Limoges (Paris, tenth cent.); Evangeliary of Civi' to the Paris Bib- dale (Friuli); Codei Egberti (Trier), presented to lioth^que Nation- Egbert, Arcnbishop of Trier, by two monks of Reich- ale in 1888, after enau in 980. To the same school belong the MSS. having figured in composed in the German monasteries for the Ottoe. the A^bumham Moreover, Irish or Anglo-Saxon art also produced collection. This remarkable monuments, among which may be men- I^ntateuch, writ- tioned the Psalter of Utrecht (tenth cent.), the ten in aeventh- Psalters of Winchester (British Museum), and the century uncials, Benedictionarieg of Jumi^gea (Rouen), is adorned with TenUi to Ttvdfth CerUury, — At the beginning of the large full-page miniatures framed in red bands, and pie- eleventh century the fictitious unity in the artistic and senting a number of scenes arranged on different mar- intellectual sphei« eataUished by Charlemagne gave ' ' '*' way to the diversity of

SniBOUCiU. RXPRBSBNTATION O

From s Cukivisgiaa MS.

gins, but without sym- metry. What is striking about the MS. is its aim at pictureaqueneBB and movement, and the wholly Oriental character of the design and espe- cially of the costumes of the personages (the wo- men wear the tall head- dress and veil of the bas- reliefs of Palmyra) and of the architectural back- grounds (bulbous cupolas alternating with pedi- mented buildings). The

arrangement of the scent „__

century Persian MSS. In this instance we have U> do perhaps with the reproduction of a cycle of

provincial schools, but if the boundaries of these schools may ^moet be traced when them is

riation of architecture, task is more difficult in the study of nuoia- tures; researches in this field have scarcely com- menced. The illumi- nated MSS tA this period were made in tM mo- nastic studios. AaageD' i*t™« or TBI EvANoEu™ gral thing the wTiteis

From a C»rk.vmr»ii MS. ^^^e at once painters

recalls certain fourteenth- and calligraphers, such as Guillaume de St. ElvrouU,

MS. of Pl__

other arts. Thanks to the initiative of Chariemagne Lombard (Va-

and his chief assistants, Alcuin, Theodulfus, etc., lendennea, 178)

•ehools of min iature painting were formed in the prin- bears the in-

dpal monasteries of the empire, and our libraries pes- scription "8eg-

•ess a targe number of their works. The elements harus me scrip-

wluch compose this art were most varied; the influ- sit" and on

enoe of Irish and Anglo-Saxon illuminations is ungues- the frontispiece

tionable, and to it was due the partiality for large "Sawalo me

InitialawfaicbuntilthefifteenthcentuiywereaDeiJthe fecit". Sawalo,

favourite ornaments of Western MSS. Carlovingian a monk of St.

art was not exclusively Irish, and in the MSS. of this Amand, is the

period are found traces of ancient art and Oriental in- illuminator and

fluencea (evangeliary canons, symbolical motif) such his name is

as the fountain of hfe, etc.). With the assistance of found elsewhere.

these MSS. a whole iconographical cycle may be This period is

formed, encyclopedicincharacter.inwhichsidebyside marked by the

with religious history occur figures from the profane extraordinary

sciences (liberal arts, calendars, lodiaca, virtues and development of i

vices, etc.). Ornamentation is more luxurious, the lar^ initials

colours are more vigorous and decided in tone, silver while the fuU-

and gold have not been spared and there is even a re- page miniatures

turn to MSS. in gold letters on a purple ^ound. Many disappeared. Illustrations on several scales ar« still

of them Sthiea, Psalters, or Evangeliaries were com- found in the mar^n. These initials of the Romanio