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the hands of regulars and the control bishops had oyer missions served by regulars in matters concerning visitation and the auditing of funds collected intuitu miasionis. After some necessary delay the famous Constitution "Romanos Pontifices" was issued in 1881, and in course of time its provisions have been ex- tended to nearly all English-speaking countries. It deals mainly with matters of jurisdiction and disci- pline, and trea,t8 of many subjects involving nice and complicated points of prudence and equity. To his zeal in the cause of elementary religious education, Cardinal Manning's later years saw added his efforts on behalf of the poor and outcast. He was invited to join the commission for the better housing of the working classes, he founded his League of the Cross for the promotion of temperance, and the " Candinal's Peace " recalls the success of his efforts at mediation between the strikers and their employers at the time of the great London Dock Strike m 1889. Such are some of the salient works of Manning's life. And it may be re- mariced that while any one of these various lines of activity might have been enough, or more than enough for any ordinary man, all of them together by no means make up the whole life work of Cardinal Man- ning. Besides these special theological, literary, or social labours, there remain his ordinary pastoral activities. If he had done none of those things that seem at first sight most striking and characteristic, his life would still have been sufficiently full with the ad- ministration of the affairs of his diocese, with his care in training the clergy, his daily " solicitude for all the Churches", with holding ordinations and presiding at diocesan synods, with the building and blessing of new churches. And nothing in the way of special work could make him neglect those primary episcopal du- ties or perform them in a perfunctory fashion. These, it may be safely said, came first and foremost. For him the Cathohc bishop was the father of the flock, solicitous in every way for the welfare of his children. It was, therefore, as a bishop sent by the Holy Ghost, the "Pater pauperum", to rule the Church of God, that he spent himself in works of charity or social re- form, or defended the truth against attack from all forms of error, or from the corruptions of an evil life, and spoke in the same spirit, whether addressing dock- ers in the East End, or agnostics in the Metaphysical Society or bishops and theologians in the Vatican Coimcil.

Theological controversy may be said to hold the first place in the earlier part of his episcopate, culmi- nating in the Vatican Council, and continuing with somewhat abated vigour for a few years longer. Social work gradually becomes more conspicuous in the years after 1876, and reaches its climax in the Dock Strike in 1889. And most of his active work in the League of the Cross and amon^ working men comes after his elevation to the cardinalate in 1875. For the last two years of his life, his failing health made him for the most part a prisoner. At length the end camC; after a few days of illness, and he went to his rest on 14 January, 1892. A striking proof of the hold he had on the hearts of the poor and the working people of London was given when thousands thronged to get a last glimpse of him as he lay in state in his house at Westminster, and to follow his funeral to Kensal Green Cemetery. After some years in that field of the dead which he had described so well in his words on Wiseman, he was once more brought back to West- minster and given his last earthly resting place in the crypt of the cathedral.

The chief sources for the history of Cardinal Manning are hia own published works nnd manuscript notes, reminiscences, let- ters, and journals, which exist in great abundance. Apart from their literary value, which is higher than some hasty critics arc disposed to allow, his numerous works, both Ani^lican and Catholic, throw no little light on the growth of his opmions and the motives of his active labours, for from first to last there is a close correspondence between his words and actions. For his doctrinal development in Anglican dayv The Ride of Faith

(1830) and the Unity of the Church are noteworthy: but his best work is seen in the four vols, of Sermcne (1845-60) and {7m«er- tnity Sermons (1844), and these should be compared with such Catholic works as The Orounda of Faith (1852), The Temporal Miasitm of the Holy Ghoet (1865), and The Eternal Prieethood (1883). This last book has been translated into many lan- guages and ma3r be regarded as his mastenpieoe; apart man its mtnnsic merit, it expresses the thoughts that dommated all his active life. The greater part of his private papen are still un- published; but a great number of lettera and autobiosraphieal notes were printed in the Life of Cardinal Manntng, Archbishop of Westminster, by Edwabd Sheridan Purcsll (Ixmdon, 1895), 2 vols., a work which contained much valuable matter, though the author's information on some points was very imperfect, and he strangely misunderstood some important episodes, notably the state of Manning's mind before nis oon- ▼ersion, his part in the Eriington case, and his relations with Cardinal Newman. Oi these points see the Appendix to Car- dinal Manning (2nd ed., London, 1896) by Dr. J. R. Gabqubt, the cardinal's nephew bv marrioc^e, who had the advantage of private papers and family memories unknown to FuroelL The true story of the Errinffton case is told, with the help of authentic documents, by Wilfrid Ward in his Life and Ttmea of Cardinal Wiseman, And the relation of Newman and Man- xung, as well as the other two points, are treated in the review of ruroell's book by W. H. Kent in Dublin Review (April. 1896). All those matters will be more fully dealt with in the Life of Cardinal Manning now being prepared by W. H. Kent. a work which will contain many important documents hitherto unpublished, including the letters to Mr. Gladstone which Mr. Purcell wrongly supposed to be destroyed. Hemknbr'b Vie du Cardinal Manning (1897) may also be mentioned, as well as the life by a well known French Protestant, db PRBSSBNst (1806: tr., 1897). This book, like a more recent non-Ca4iiolio biog- raphy. The Cardinal Democrat, by Miss I. Taylor, pays special attention to the cardinal's social work, a topic also treated by a French Catholic authority, Abb£ Lemirb, in Car- dinal Manning et son ceuvre socials. On this point the article of Sydney Buxton, M. P., in the Contemporary Review^ (1896) on Cardinal Manning and the Dock Strike is valuable for its first- hand information from one who took part in the fray. Yet another non-Cathoiic work, the Life of Cardinal Mannina by A. W. Button (1892) is worthy of note if only for its exceUoit bibliography. See also Snead-0)X, Life of Cardinal Vaughan (London, 1910).

W. H. Kent.

Mazmjmg, Robert, of Brunne, poet. He came from Bourne in Lincolnshire, Englana. From his own account he entered the house of the Gilbertine Canons at Sempringham in 1288 and at some period in his life he was with Robert Bruce at Cambriage. In 1338 he was living in another priory of his order, but still in Lincolnshire. The date of his death is imknown. He was the author of two poems, both free -translations from the French: (1) *' Handl>Tig Synne", a very free rendering of the ''Manuel des Peschiez", which had been written in poor French verse by an Englishman, William of Wadoington, in the rei^ of Edward I. It consists chiefly of a series of stories illustrating the Conamandments, the seven deadly sins, the sin of sac- rilege and the Sacraments. Mannyng is much more of a story-teller than a poet, he interpolates tales of his own and illustrates those of his original from the Eng- lish life of his day. He is severe on all classes of society, but is yet sympathetic towards the poor. (2) A "Chronicle of England", the first part of which is a translation, with some additions, of Wace's version of Geofifrey of Monmouth, and the second is based on Peter de Langtoft's An^lo-Norman poem. When Mann3rng comes to the reign of Edwara I he inserts a good de^ of matter which has some independent his- torical value. These poems are important because they illustrate a growing interest in "ignorant men who delieht in listening to tales " but who cannot read French, because they foreshadow the love of story- telling which is to produce the "Canterbury Tales" at the end of the centurv and because they helped to make East-Midland English the literary dialect of English. F. J. Fumivall has edited the " Handlyng Synne" and the "Chronicle" with prefaces. The authorship of " Meditacyuns of the Soper of our Lord Jhesus " (edited for the Early English Text Society in 1875), has also been ascribed to Mannyng, but this is by no means ascertained beyond doubt.

Cf. Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. I, pp. 344- 62; Diet, of Nat. Biography, s. v.

F. Urquhart.